Support Us

Write For Us!

Opinions, Analysis, and Rebuttals.

Writers Pool
About Us

A Global Digital Think-Tank on Policy Discourse.

Home Blog Page 138

Putin’s Ukraine Gamble: A war of Provocation?

By
Danish Raja
-
0

On February 24th, 2022 Russia invaded Ukraine and since then both warring parties are still at war, with neither side gaining any discernible victory. The roots of the conflict trace back to history. Ukraine has never been a sovereign state and for the most part of its existence has remained under the subjugation of the Soviet Union/Russia. With the conclusion of World War II and the subsequent outbreak of the Cold War between two great giants of that time, almost the entire world was bifurcated into two blocs: on the one hand, was the United States of America with the Western hemisphere under the purview of NATO, and on the other hand, was the Soviet Union with the Eurasian region under its sphere of influence through Warsaw Pact. It was an era of tight bipolarity and both states were trying to undermine the influence of each other. The tectonic plates of geopolitics shifted when the Soviet Union got dismantled in 1990 owing to its incessantly deteriorating economy. The Soviet Union was dismembered into 15 independent states; Russia and Ukraine being one of these newly independent states. With the dissolution of the USSR, Warsaw Pact also came to an end but NATO remained intact. In the latter half of the 1990s geo-political dynamics began to take a new turn. NATO under the umbrella of the US and its founding members started a new ‘Eastward Encroachment Drive’ and gradually majority of erstwhile Soviet states became members of NATO. This eastward expansion of NATO started in 1999 when the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland became members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The second wave of expansion took place in 2004 when Estonia, Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Romania became part of the Western security alliance.

Moscow viewed all these attempts by the US and NATO as a direct threat to the core strategic interests of Russia. In the 2008 Bucharest Summit of NATO, the United States and other members of NATO considered the proposal to extend membership to Ukraine and Georgia. This was an event that Russia viewed with extreme suspicion as if both states were part of a Western security alliance, Russia’s own survival would be in danger. Thus, Russia in retaliation invaded the separatist regions of Georgia in August 2008 when the Georgian President tried to integrate them. Putin kept Abkhazia and South Ossetia from being integrated into Georgia as it would strengthen Georgia and would make it firmer to join NATO. This event elucidated in a crystal clear way the Russian commitment to preventing its border states from joining the Western security alliance. But the West in general and the United States, in particular, did not categorically refute the possibility of membership of Georgia and Ukraine.

The chaotic situation in near abroad Russia got intensified when the pro-Russian President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovich was overthrown in a US-backed coup and a pro-Western leader was installed instead.

Right after this coup, Russia invaded the Crimean Peninsula and annexed it in a bid to prevent it from becoming the US naval base in the Russian neighborhood. Furthermore, it fueled the irredentist movements in the eastern Ukraine region, particularly in Luhansk and Donetsk, and made these states quasi-independent. The situation remained intense between Russia and Ukraine over the course of time since 2014. In 2021, Vladimir Putin refused to initiate a bilateral dialogue proposed by Ukraine and declared it a “vassal” state of the US and Europe. In the month of July of the same year, the Russian President put forth an essay titled “On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians” and reasserted the merger of Ukraine with Russia. Later on, Russia demanded that the United States of America and NATO promulgate a framework that would eliminate the possibility of Ukraine becoming a member of NATO once and for all. Furthermore, Russia also demanded that NATO should withdraw its forces from its East European member states. There is no denying the fact that these demands for US and NATO were non-viable. Russia tried to make it crystal clear before the West that if NATO tried to extend membership to Ukraine, Russia will eliminate Ukraine from the very map of the world. Russia threatened to pursue military means if NATO continued its policy of expansionism. Finally, on 24th February 2022, Russia started its military operation in Ukraine and declared it as ‘demilitarization and denazification of Ukraine.’

A significant factor that sensitized Putin vis-à-vis Ukraine is that in 2008 European Union launched its Eastern Partnership Project that aimed to integrate states of the Eurasian region by providing them with economic support.

Europeans contemplated this initiative as a flagship project that will stimulate economic development and induce prosperity within Eastern European states, particularly Ukraine. Under the purview of this initiative, European Union started providing financial assistance, and trade barriers were gradually eliminated, as a result, the bilateral trade volume of Eurasian states with the EU began to increase. Russian then-Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov viewed this approach of the EU as an unambiguous attempt to create its own ‘sphere of influence’ at the expanse of Russia’s vital interests. Furthermore, for Russia, this attempt of the European Union to integrate Eurasian states was a stalking horse for NATO’s advancement. In response to the EU’s expansion plan Russian leadership warned European Union to stay away from its strategic backyard but its successive warnings were being ignored.

Besides that the inadvertent policy of Western states in general and the United States in particular that fomented Putin to attack militarily on Georgia, Crimea, and Ukraine in recent times was the democratization drive whereby they were aimed to promulgate democracy and Western values among Eurasian states to keep them out of Russian orbit. In this regard, the United States of America along with European states which acted as aide-de-camp provided billions of dollars in economic assistance. The United States of America also established the National Endowment Fund for Democracy and under the purview of this initiative United States invested massively in more than fifty projects in Ukraine alone that were aimed to strengthen civil society. Moscow viewed these initiatives of the West as social engineering drive that is designed to confine Russia within its own borders.

Finally, another significant factor that Russia used as a pretext to invade Ukraine is linked with history. Putin propounded that when the Soviet Union disintegrated in the 1990s, then Secretary of State James Baker assured Mikhail Gorbachev that once a reunified Germany joined NATO, the organization would not advance eastward, “not even one inch.” But with the passage of time, the Western Security Alliance not only expanded but also extended membership to European states that were part of the Soviet Union.

The strategic significance of Ukraine for Russia has increased manifolds in contemporary times due to the Eastward expansion of NATO where almost all except a few have come under the security alliance of the West.

Thus for Putin, if Ukraine becomes part of NATO the strategic loss for Russia would be incalculable as it cannot afford to have a hostile security giant right at its border. These strategic fears due to NATO’s encroachment within Russia’s strategic backyard provoked Putin to back up its verbal warnings with the robust military operation that it started in February 2022.

While the West was adhering to the policy dictates of liberal ideals that aimed to promote democracy, enhance economic interdependence, and make eastern European states a Western bastion; Moscow was analyzing each successive event from a pure geo-strategic lens guided by realist ideas. Thus, the arguments put forth by John Mearsheimer, father of offensive realism, corroborate that it is West’s inadvertent policies guided by so-called liberal ideals that provoked Putin to engage in War with Ukraine.

Whatever may be the causes behind war; the ultimate sufferer at the hands of great power politics is humanity, as evident from human history.

The Role of Culture and Traditions in Conflict Resolution

By
Khadija Naeem
-
0

Conflict resolution is a complicated process that frequently calls for creative and flexible solutions to handle the individual conditions of a given conflict. The use of traditional customs and cultural norms to encourage the peaceful resolution of conflicts is one strategy that has been investigated more and more in recent years. This article will investigate how culture and traditions play a part in resolving disputes as well as how these customs might be linked to advance peace in various contexts.

Cultural norms and traditions may have a significant impact on how people react to conflict both individually and collectively.

For instance, many traditional communities have long-standing traditions of using mediation and negotiation to settle conflicts politely. These customs, which may have their origins in cultural ideals of peace, reconciliation, and community, might serve as useful examples of how to settle disputes in contemporary environments. Mediation is one instance of a traditional technique that may be applied to encourage peaceful dispute resolution. In many cultures, mediators are seen as trustworthy peers who can help tense parties come to an amicable agreement. To find common ground and establish solutions that are agreeable to all parties, mediators try to comprehend each side’s point of view. When there is a history of mistrust between the parties or when communication is impaired, this strategy may be very successful.

The use of “restorative justice” is another illustration of how conventional methods may be utilized to encourage peaceful dispute settlement. Community elders or other respected individuals frequently serve as the leaders of restorative justice, which emphasizes healing and reconciliation rather than punishment. These may include ceremonies, storytelling, and other rituals that assist people and communities in comprehending conflict more deeply and cooperating to discover win-win solutions.

Cultural practices and traditions must be adjusted to new situations and difficulties to be effective, as they are not a means of resolving conflicts.

Traditional methods, for instance, might not always be appropriate for resolving disputes in multicultural or multinational contexts where there may be substantial cultural differences because they can maintain detrimental power imbalances or encourage discriminatory attitudes. In other situations, new technology, international networks, or other elements that influence current conflicts may render them unproductive. It is crucial to understand that ancient traditions are not rigid or unchanging to overcome these obstacles. Instead, they are dynamic and change in reaction to new situations.

To address the demands of fresh situations and difficulties, conventional procedures might be updated and adjusted. This might entail implementing new communication techniques, technological advancements, and dispute resolution techniques.

A process known as “cultural translation,” which looks at, dissects, and reframes old traditions to meet the demands of contemporary conflict resolution attempts, is one way to adapt traditional practices to new situations. Promote the peaceful resolution of disputes, this may entail collaborating with cultural experts, local leaders, and other stakeholders to identify fundamental ideas and values that may be implemented in novel ways. For

instance, in some conflict areas, customary practices may be employed to foster trust and encourage communication between opposing sides. This can entail organizing a gathering of representatives from various groups to exchange stories and viewpoints or taking part in cooperative initiatives or activities that foster collaboration.

The promotion of intercultural communication and understanding is one more method to use culture and tradition as a tool for conflict resolution. People and groups can get a more nuanced knowledge of the underlying causes of disputes and find more practical solutions by encouraging better awareness and respect for other cultural views. Also, this strategy can foster collaboration and trust-building between individuals and groups from various cultural backgrounds. The work of the UNESCO Intercultural Dialogue Programme illustrates how intercultural discussion may be utilized to encourage peaceful conflict resolution. With a focus on fostering peace and resolving problems, this curriculum encourages communication and understanding between individuals from all cultures and backgrounds. Through encouraging tolerance, comprehension, and collaboration among cultures, the program aims to create bridges between them. At times, after a dispute has concluded, traditional traditions may be employed to encourage healing and reconciliation. This might be paying tribute to victims of violence, providing forums for discussion and introspection, or partaking in cultural pursuits that foster a feeling of identity and community among participants.

In the end, studying how culture and traditions affect conflict resolution is a challenging and dynamic field that calls for a constant inquiry, discussion, and experimentation. We may strive towards a more fair and equitable society where disputes are handled via communication, collaboration, and respect if we investigate the potential for these practices to foster peace and understanding.

Culture and tradition have a significant impact on how individuals perceive and deal with conflict.

Historic customs and cultural norms provide important clues about how disputes might be settled more peacefully and sustainably. Although these traditions may have a strong cultural and historical foundation, they are also adaptable and may be changed to fit the requirements of many new situations and difficulties. Individuals and groups can get a more detailed knowledge of the underlying causes of problems and find more practical solutions by fostering intercultural discussion and understanding.

The Story of Balochistan’s Princely States

By
Amna Nazakat
-
0

Balochistan is a province in southwestern Pakistan, bordered by Iran to the West, Afghanistan to the north, and the Arabian Sea to south. It is the largest province in Pakistan in terms of land area but has the smallest population. The province has a diverse cultural heritage and is home to various ethnic groups, including the Baloch, Pashtuns, Brahuis, and Hazaras. Kalat is a district in Balochistan and was a princely state until it was merged with Pakistan in 1948. It is located in the central part of Balochistan and has a rich historical and cultural significance. Balochistan is an integral part of Pakistan where Kalat has a significant place on the map the country and heart of the nation

Balochistan is an integral part of Pakistan according to the constitutional and legal framework. The Constitution of Pakistan recognizes Balochistan as one of the country’s four provinces and guarantees its representation in the National Assembly and the Senate. Pakistan is a diverse country with different ethnic groups, religions, and cultures. Balochistan is an important part of the country’s cultural, economic, and social fabric, and the people of Balochistan are an integral part of the larger Pakistani society. The government of Pakistan has been making efforts to address the issues faced by the people of Balochistan and to ensure their participation in the country’s political and economic processes.

Quaid e Azam and Khan of Kalat shared cordial friendly relations where Mr. Jinnah was his lawyer. It is true that Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Khan of Kalat, Mir Ahmed Yar Khan, had a cordial and friendly relationship. Mr. Jinnah was a prominent lawyer and had represented the Khan of Kalat in legal matters before the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan. The relationship between Mr. Jinnah and Khan of Kalat was based on mutual respect and understanding, and they had several meetings and discussions regarding the future of Balochistan in the context of the creation of Pakistan. The Khan of Kalat had initially expressed reservations about joining Pakistan but eventually agreed to accede to Pakistan in March 1948.

The historical and political context of the relationship between Mr. Jinnah and the Khan of Kalat is complex and nuanced, and it is essential to engage in a critical and objective analysis of this relationship. Accession of Kalat with Pakistan is a bilateral affair, signed by the mutual understanding of Khan of Kalat and the Government of Pakistan. The accession of Kalat with Pakistan was to safeguard and protect the Baloch identity and Brahui language

The issue of the accession of Kalat and the preservation of Baloch identity and the Brahui language is a complex and nuanced one. The accession of Kalat with Pakistan was intended to ensure the protection and preservation of the cultural, linguistic, and ethnic identity of the people of Balochistan.  

The government of Pakistan has expressed its commitment to the development and prosperity of Balochistan, and has initiated various programs and projects to promote economic and social development in the province. The government has also expressed its commitment to inclusive politics in Balochistan, and has taken measures to ensure the participation of all political parties and groups in the political process. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a major project aimed at promoting economic development in Balochistan and other parts of the country. The project includes the development of infrastructure, such as roads, ports, and airports, and the establishment of industrial zones and energy projects in the province. The government has also initiated various other development projects in Balochistan, including the provision of healthcare, education, and clean drinking water.

In recent years, there have been efforts to promote dialogue and reconciliation with separatist groups in Balochistan. The government has expressed its commitment to addressing the grievances of the people of Balochistan and to finding peaceful solutions to the challenges faced by the province. However, it is important to recognize that there are still challenges to be addressed in Balochistan. It is essential to continue to engage in constructive dialogue and to take concrete steps to address these challenges and to promote the development and prosperity of Balochistan.    

India always had vicious agenda against Pakistan and its integral parts. Indian heinous intention was exposed as early as 1948 with the announcement of All India Radio, Delhi announced that two months ago Kalat State had approached the Indian Union to accept its accession to India. India’s vile intention were exposed by All India Radio who announced Kalat accession with India was forceful merger. After partition of Indian Sub-Continent, three states including Kharan, Lasbela and Makran wished to accede with West Pakistan even without any decision of Kalat as the Khan of Kalat desired subjugation of the other entities. Khan of Kalat refused to accept their separate status. Jam of Lasbela, Chief of Kharan and Nawab Bai Khan of Makran once again appealed to Quaid to accept their accession during their meeting with him in March 1948, which was accepted by the state of Pakistan on 17 March 1948. Seeing the will of majority to accede with Pakistan, Khan of Kalat, Ahmed Yar Khan willingly signed The Instrument of Accession on March 27 1948 and it was placed before Jinnah on March 31, 1948. No resistance could be seen during the accession till the middle of July 1948, when the brother of the Khan returned from Afghanistan and he started instigating people against this accession

The accession of Balochistan to Pakistan is wrongly portrayed by the dissident elements. They are misguiding the youth on Balochistan because of their political interests. The dissident elements use this misguiding as a bargaining tool to get undue benefits from the governments which are mostly at the cost of Baloch people’s prosperity and provincial development. The province’s Shahi Jirga and the non-official members of the Quetta Municipality had agreed to join Pakistan on 29 June 1947.

The princely states of Kharan, Las Bela, and Makran had expressed their desire to accede to Pakistan multiple times during the period leading up to the independence of Pakistan in 1947. These princely states were located in the Balochistan region and were ruled by local tribal leaders, who had varying degrees of autonomy and influence. After the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the government of Pakistan negotiated with the leaders of these princely states to facilitate their accession to Pakistan. In March 1948, the Khan of Kalat, who was the ruler of the largest and most influential princely state in Balochistan, also acceded to Pakistan. These accretions played an important role in the integration of Balochistan with the rest of Pakistan.

The Khan of Kalat, Mir Ahmad Yar Khan, rejected the news of joining India and declared accession to Pakistan. The correct study of history shows that the people of Balochistan aspired to become part of Pakistan, and government remains committed to development & prosperity of Balochistan. Moreover 18 Constitutional amendment has given more rights and resources to Balochistan. The accession of these princely states to Pakistan was a complex and nuanced process, and that there were various political, social, and economic factors that influenced their decision to accede. A nuanced and balanced understanding of the historical, political, and cultural context is essential to promote a constructive and informed debate on this issue.

 

 

The Francophone and the Middle Kingdom: Macron’s Visit to China

By
Asma Khan Durrani
-
0

France and China have a complex and multifaceted relationship that is characterized by both cooperation and competition. France is China’s largest trading partner in the European Union, and Chinese investment in France has grown rapidly in recent years. However, there are also tensions over issues such as intellectual property theft, market access, and strategic competition in areas such as technology and military affairs.

France is China’s largest trading partner in the European Union, and Chinese investment in France has grown rapidly in recent years.

The relationship between France and China is marked by a long and complex history of cultural, diplomatic, and economic exchange, as well as periods of tension and conflict. Despite the challenges and differences that exist between the two countries, both France and China recognize the importance of maintaining a constructive and productive relationship that can benefit both countries and contribute to global stability and prosperity.

France has sought to deepen economic ties with China, particularly in the areas of infrastructure and green technology. Both France and China recognize the importance of maintaining a constructive and productive relationship that can benefit both countries and contribute to global stability and prosperity.

In the security realm, France and China have had mixed relations. While France has sought to deepen military cooperation with China, particularly in areas such as counterterrorism and peacekeeping operations, tensions have also arisen over issues such as territorial disputes in the South China Sea and China’s growing military presence in the region. French-Chinese relations in recent years have been characterized by a mix of cooperation and tensions. While both countries recognize the importance of maintaining a constructive relationship, differences over issues such as trade, investment, and security have created challenges that are to be addressed in the coming years.

Tensions have also arisen over issues such as territorial disputes in the South China Sea and China’s growing military presence in the region. French-Chinese relations in recent years have been characterized by a mix of cooperation and tensions.

France has sought to deepen economic ties with China, particularly in the areas of infrastructure and green technology. French President Emmanuel Macron announced a plan to invest in renewable energy projects in China, with a focus on wind and solar power. The plan also included proposals for joint research and development initiatives, as well as collaboration on environmental and climate issues.

China’s President Xi Jinping’s extravagant greeting of the French President during his state visit is an indication of Beijing’s escalating campaign to win over important allies within the European Union in order to challenge the United States. Conforming to diplomats, it highlights the significance Beijing places on its relations with a significant EU member as it seeks to back against what Xi has referred to as the U.S.’s “all-round containment, encirclement, and suppression.”

The extravagant greeting of the French President during his state visit is an indication of Beijing’s escalating campaign to win over important allies within the European Union in order to challenge the United States.

China’s main goal was to stop Europe from allying more closely with the US. Macron is possibly Beijing’s most significant European ally. Diplomats frequently view Macron as a crucial force behind critical EU policy. French Macron’s goals were to engage China in a role of shared responsibility for security and peace. To improve trade ties between France and China and to reaffirm a shared plan of action on crucial global issues like the protection of biodiversity and the battle against climate change. Macron and von der Leyen wanted to urge China to support them in dealing with Russia in order to proceed on that front as their main concern. Macron’s ability to accomplish these goals depended upon China’s level of concern over additional EU penalties and the danger of increased “transatlantic coordination” on topics like Ukraine.

China’s main goal was to stop Europe from allying more closely with the US. Macron is possibly Beijing’s most significant European ally. Diplomats frequently view Macron as a crucial force behind critical EU policy

Parades and feasts were hosted for French President Emmanuel Macron. Ursula von der Leyen, the EU president, was largely left alone. Beijing attempted to play divide and conquer with the two leaders, who had paired up on the tour to try and project a united European front, the pattern exhibited was slightly usual. Von der Leyen’s schedule was minimal, but Macron’s was jam-packed. Von der Leyen held a somber press conference at the EU delegation’s own headquarters as Macron joined Chinese President Xi Jinping for a spectacular state banquet.  Chinese social media criticized von der Leyen as a US lackey while state media extolled the Sino-French friendship. Von der Leyen was invited on the trip by Macron in an effort to show the continent’s solidarity. As per Von der Leyen ‘any peace plan which would in effect consolidate Russian annexations is simply not a viable plan, while taking aim at China’s increasingly assertive posture on the South China Sea, the Chinese-Indian border, and Taiwan. How China continues to interact with Putin’s war will be a determining factor for EU-China relations going forward,” she said. Beijing said it was “disappointed” by her speech, according to its European Union ambassador.

Although Macron’s visit is unlikely to result in a watershed event, his diplomacy may lead to future victories for European security. While the battle rages on, China’s provision of weapons to Russia could swing the balance in Moscow’s favor. The situation would be the exact opposite if Beijing were to support Ukraine. Macron and von der Leyen’s trip aimed towards improving bilateral ties.

One point of cooperation was on the issue of nuclear weapons. France, like China, is a nuclear power, but neither nation participates in nuclear drills with NATO. Both countries reject the transfer of nuclear technology, which gives France the “legitimate” position to “ask China for an official reaction to Russia’s announcement of its intention to deploy nuclear weapons in Belarus, and to try to prevent such a deployment.”

China-France joint statement pushed for global security and stability, safeguarding the legitimacy of arms control and non-proliferation system. Support efforts based on international law and UN Charter to restore peace in Ukraine.

China-France both states give much credence to their culture and language, this is one factor that highlights the similarities between the two nations. The joint statement pushed for global security and stability, safeguarding the legitimacy of arms control and non-proliferation system. Support efforts based on international law and UN Charter to restore peace in Ukraine. Enhance political dialogue, promote political mutual trust, and initiate further new rounds of strategic dialogues, economic dialogue, and dialogue on people-to-people exchange. In the combined avowal China and France vowed to strengthen cooperation and set a course for future development. Chinese President Xi Jinping with Macron stated that China and the EU share broad strategic consensus, common interests, and a solid foundation for cooperation. ‘There are no winners in zero-sum games,’ Xi said while stating that ‘Decoupling cannot impede China’s development.’

On the other hand, the US seems to be quite wary of this meeting, at the time when Sino-American ties are at an all-time low, Mr. Macron carved out a distinctly European perspective, and both leaders frequently praised a “multipolar world,” which was merely code for a world that is not dominated by the United States. Essentially, the visit was a resounding rejection of the economic “decoupling” that the United States had advocated as a way to lower security threats through extensive export controls and reorganized supply chains. The meeting cautiously weighed the Western and Chinese perspectives without making any significant headway on the conflict in Ukraine.

Enhancing political dialogue, promoting political mutual trust, and initiating further new rounds of strategic dialogues, economic dialogue and dialogue on people-to-people exchange have been the premise of the meeting.

Hence, it was established that China and France primarily focused on their abilities and responsibility to rise above differences and obstacles, keeping to the overall direction of a comprehensive strategic partnership that is stable, mutually beneficial, enterprising, and dynamic practice of true multilateralism for global peace, stability, and prosperity.

 

Opportunities for Pakistan-Russia Ties

By
Asad Malik
-
0
DRUZHBA-2021 ~ Joint Russian-Pakistani Exercise

Pakistan and Russia have a long and complex history of relations that have evolved over time. But, in recent years, there have been efforts to improve cooperation between the two countries. During the Cold War, Pakistan was a key ally of the US, while Russia was aligned with India. As a result, Pakistan and Russia were on opposite sides of many geopolitical issues. However, in the 1960s and 1970s, Pakistan and Russia did engage in economic and military cooperation. In the post-Cold War era and following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Pakistan, and Russia began to explore opportunities for closer ties. In 1996, Russia and Pakistan signed a bilateral investment treaty. In 1998, Russia lifted its arms embargo on Pakistan.

Likewise, in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, Pakistan became a key partner in the US-led war on terror. Russia has supported Pakistan’s efforts to combat terrorism and has provided some military equipment to the country. In recent years, there have been efforts to improve relations between Pakistan and Russia. In 2014, a senior Russian political delegation visited Pakistan in an effort to further strengthen the bilateral ties between both countries. The two countries have also been exploring opportunities for economic cooperation, including in the energy sector.

Pakistan is interested in importing Russian Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and has signed an agreement to do so. The two countries are also exploring the possibility of building a pipeline to transport gas from Russia to Pakistan.

The bilateral ties between Russia and Pakistan have been improving gradually. Both countries have signed several defense agreements in recent years, including the purchase of Russian military equipment by Pakistan. Pakistan is interested in importing Russian Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and has signed an agreement to do so. The two countries are also exploring the possibility of building a pipeline to transport gas from Russia to Pakistan. Russia and Pakistan have been working to increase bilateral trade, with a goal of reaching $10 billion in trade volume by 2025. In 2021, the two countries signed a Free Trade Agreement that is expected to boost trade and investment.

Both countries have been promoting cultural and educational exchanges, with Russian universities offering scholarships to Pakistani students and Pakistani students studying in Russia.

The two countries have been engaging in high-level diplomatic talks, including visits by Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov to Pakistan. Russia has also expressed support for Pakistan’s efforts to find a political solution to the conflict in Afghanistan. Both countries have been promoting cultural and educational exchanges, with Russian universities offering scholarships to Pakistani students and Pakistani students studying in Russia. In addition, the two countries have signed agreements to promote tourism and cultural exchanges.

Russia and Pakistan are permanent members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). The SCO provides platform for Pakistan and Russia to increase cooperation in a variety of areas i.e. trade and investment. SCO platform can be used to promote trade and investment between two countries.

Both Russia and Pakistan are permanent members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). The SCO provides an important platform for Pakistan and Russia to increase cooperation in a variety of areas. In trade and investment, both countries can use the SCO platform to promote trade and investment between the two countries. They can work towards removing barriers to trade, increasing market access, and promoting investment in key sectors. The SCO’s Business Council and Interbank Consortium can be used to facilitate economic cooperation. Pakistan and Russia can collaborate in the energy sector through the SCO platform. Russia is a major producer of oil and gas, while Pakistan is a major consumer. The two countries can work towards establishing energy cooperation and exploring opportunities for joint ventures in the energy sector.

Pakistan and Russia have been working to improve their ties in recent years, and there have been some positive developments in the relationship. However, there are also some challenges and limitations that impact the relationship under the current situation.

The SCO provides an important platform for defense cooperation between two countries. The two countries can use SCO’s Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) to share intelligence and coordinate efforts against terrorism. They can also work toward establishing joint military exercises and training programs. The SCO can also be used to promote cultural ties, which include promoting cultural exchanges, student exchanges, and tourism. The SCO’s Youth Council can be used to promote youth exchanges between the two countries. Pakistan and Russia can work towards improving regional connectivity through the SCO platform. This can include improving transport links, such as road and rail networks, and promoting regional trade and economic integration. In order to increase cooperation under the SCO platform, Pakistan and Russia will need to engage in sustained and focused dialogue. They will need to identify areas of mutual interest and work toward establishing concrete plans for cooperation. They will also need to address any challenges or obstacles that may arise along the way.

Both states have shared interests in promoting regional stability, particularly in Afghanistan. Both countries can work towards finding a common approach to the issue and coordinating their efforts to promote peace and stability in the region.

One of the main challenges to the Pakistan-Russia relationship in India. Russia has been a longstanding ally of India, and the two countries have deep economic and military ties. This can make it difficult for Russia to deepen its engagement with Pakistan without upsetting its relationship with India. Another challenging factor in bilateral ties is the US. Russia is facing sanctions from the US, which can limit its ability to engage with Pakistan and other countries. This can impact Russia’s ability to provide military and economic assistance to Pakistan. Pakistan and Russia have been working to increase economic ties, but progress has been slow. The volume of trade between the two countries is still relatively small, and there are barriers to investment and trade that need to be addressed.

There have been positive developments in the Pakistan-Russia relationship. The two countries have been working to improve defense ties, with Pakistan purchasing military equipment from Russia and the two countries conducting joint military exercises.

Despite these challenges, there have been some positive developments in the Pakistan-Russia relationship. The two countries have been working to improve defense ties, with Pakistan purchasing military equipment from Russia and the two countries conducting joint military exercises. They have also been exploring opportunities for economic cooperation, particularly in the energy sector. Both countries have expressed a desire to deepen their relationship, and there is potential for further cooperation in the future.

Defense ties between Pakistan and Russia have been improving, and both countries can continue to work towards increasing cooperation in this area. Pakistan can explore options to purchase additional military equipment from Russia.

Improving Pakistan-Russia ties requires sustained effort and a long-term vision for the relationship. Building trust is essential for improving ties between Pakistan and Russia. This can be done through sustained dialogue and regular high-level visits. The two countries should also work towards resolving any issues that may cause mistrust or misunderstandings. Pakistan and Russia have the potential to increase economic ties in a variety of sectors, including energy, agriculture, and technology. Both countries can work towards removing trade barriers and promoting investment in key sectors. They can also explore opportunities for joint ventures and business partnerships. Defense ties between Pakistan and Russia have been improving, and both countries can continue to work towards increasing cooperation in this area. Pakistan can explore options to purchase additional military equipment from Russia. Both states have shared interests in promoting regional stability, particularly in Afghanistan. Both countries can work towards finding a common approach to the issue and coordinating their efforts to promote peace and stability in the region.

 

Global Summits, Cooperation and Conflicts

By
Amna Nazakat
-
0

Global meetings are often an opportunity for world leaders and diplomats to come together to discuss important issues and potential conflicts that may be looming on the horizon. These meetings can be crucial in preventing or resolving conflicts before they escalate into more significant problems. One of the most significant global meetings is UNGA, UNSC, and G-20 which brings together representatives from all 193 member countries to discuss a wide range of issues affecting the world. The UNGA provides a platform for leaders to discuss important issues such as climate change, human rights, poverty reduction, and international security.

One of the most significant global meetings is UNGA, UNSC, and G-20 which brings together representatives from all 193 member countries to discuss a wide range of issues affecting the world.

Other global meetings, such as G7 or G20 summits, bring together leaders from the world’s most powerful economies to discuss economic issues and other pressing global challenges. These meetings can be important for shaping global economic policy, addressing trade disputes, and preventing financial crises. While global meetings can be an important opportunity for world leaders to work together to prevent conflicts, they are not always successful. Tensions between countries can sometimes escalate, leading to more significant conflicts, despite efforts to resolve them through diplomatic means. In some cases, global meetings may even exacerbate existing conflicts, as leaders take hardline stances or refuse to compromise on key issues.  Overall, global meetings can be a valuable tool for preventing or resolving conflicts, but they are not guaranteed solutions. Diplomacy, dialogue, and compromise are essential for preventing conflicts from escalating into more significant problems.

Global meetings can be a valuable tool for preventing or resolving conflicts, but they are not guaranteed solutions. Diplomacy, dialogue, and compromise are essential for preventing conflicts from escalating into more significant problems.

If the Indian government did propose holding G20 meetings in Kashmir, it is possible that this could be seen as a political move to assert India’s control over the region. China and Pakistan, who both have their own claims to parts of Kashmir, will object to such a proposal, with logical legal arguments, on the grounds of territorial disputes.

The global summits must talk about cooperation, peace, and global economic integration. It shouldn’t divide different ethnicities.

 

The meeting of the G-20 is very crucial given the current geo-strategic circumstances of the world. The Ukraine war and Russian nuclear threats are dominating the global arena. The world is at a critical juncture right now. The international community has a major role to play in the prevention of more conflicts. India, being the current chair of the group, has a massive and pivotal role to play. However, nationalist elements within the Indian establishment are working to make the G20 event successful. Unfortunately, Indian leaders are targeting people of minorities to vacate their properties near the venue of G20 meetings. Indian government plans some events of G20 in the disputed region of Kashmir. The Kashmir valley is a globally recognized territory between India and Pakistan. Therefore, India cannot hold any global event in disputed territory as it will create insecurity and security dilemmas for the entire region.

The global summits must talk about cooperation, peace, and global economic integration. It shouldn’t divide different ethnicities. Unfortunately, this time situation is different as G20 is events are taking place at a time when people are on the street in India due to discriminatory policies of the government.

The Kashmir valley is a globally recognized territory between India and Pakistan. Therefore, India cannot hold any global event in disputed territory as it will create insecurity and security dilemmas for the entire region.

It is important to note that the decision to hold any meeting of the G20 in a specific location is usually determined through a consensus among all the member countries of the G20. If India has indeed proposed holding a G20 meeting in Kashmir, it must obtain the agreement of all other G20 members for the proposal to go ahead. Ultimately, the decision on whether to hold a G20 meeting in Kashmir would be up to the member countries of the G20 to decide through their own diplomatic channels.

For the international community, they need to come forward and clear its stance regarding the developments taking place in India with regard to holding G20 summits. They can press India through diplomatic channels to hold the summit at any other location in India excluding Kashmir, which is a disputed territory between India and Pakistan. It should also press New Delhi to follow global practices while holding summits. Targeting minorities to vacate their properties for mere events is not a solution to any problem.

In Kashmir, reports of human rights violations by security forces and other authorities. These violations include arbitrary detention, torture, enforced disappearances, and restrictions on freedom of speech and movement. Such actions violate the basic human rights of the people of Kashmir.

Human rights are a fundamental aspect of international law and are recognized by the UN and many other international organizations. As such, it is important for all countries including India to ensure that they are respecting and protecting the human rights of their citizens. In the context of Kashmir, there have been reports of human rights violations by security forces and other authorities. These violations include arbitrary detention, torture, enforced disappearances, and restrictions on freedom of speech and movement. Such actions violate the basic human rights of the people of Kashmir. It is the responsibility of the Indian government to ensure that human rights are respected and protected in Kashmir. The international community, including other countries, international organizations, and civil society groups, can play a role in promoting and protecting human rights in Kashmir by urging the Indian government to take action to address any human rights violations, and by providing support to human rights defenders and victims of human rights abuses.

Addressing human rights violations in Kashmir requires a sustained effort from all stakeholders, including the Indian government, civil society, and the international community, to address the root causes of the conflict and work towards a peaceful resolution that respects the human rights of all parties involved.

However, it is important to note that international pressure alone may not be sufficient to bring about change. Addressing human rights violations in Kashmir will require a sustained effort from all stakeholders, including the Indian government, civil society, and the international community, to address the root causes of the conflict and work toward a peaceful resolution that respects the human rights of all parties involved. If India fails to comply with international laws regarding the provision of rights to the people, G20 should pull out from the upcoming events of the group in India.

 

Russia’s Trade Diplomacy with Africa

By
Dr. Usman
-
0

During the first Russia-Africa summit in 2019 in the Black Sea resort of Sochi, Russia’s president Vladimir Putin vowed to increase trade with African governments within five years as he sought new allies with promises of nuclear power projects and fighter jets. Only some of those promises have been fulfilled three years later, but Russian influence on the continent has risen faster than ever since the Cold War.

Russian influence in Africa has risen faster than ever since the Cold War. Russia is the largest provider of armaments to Africa and has become a vital partner for African nations via investments and business links in items ranging from diamonds to citrus fruit.

According to IMF statistics, Russian commerce with Africa in 2021 was worth $15.6 billion, a tenth of the continent’s trade with China and a quarter more than in 2018. Yet, Russia remains the largest provider of armaments to Africa and has become a vital partner for African nations via investments and business links in items ranging from diamonds to citrus fruit.

Russia did not previously see Africa as a priority in its foreign policy, but much has changed recently, especially after the Russian actions in Ukraine. When Russia became isolated from Europe and the United States, establishing diplomatic and commercial links with sympathetic African governments was critical to the Kremlin’s narrative that Moscow had options.

Sergey Lavrov, Russia’s foreign minister, was greeted in Bamako by his Malian colleague, Abdoulaye Diop, and traveled to South Africa and Angola. In July, he visited Egypt, the Republic of Congo, Uganda, and Ethiopia and met with African Union leaders in Addis Abeba. Russia has adopted a policy of putting politics first, with economic preferences emerging as a natural result of successful political cooperation. Since the contrary method of first the economy, then everything else has shown to be shaky, this technique will likely be efficient.

When Russia became isolated from Europe and the United States, establishing diplomatic and commercial links with sympathetic African governments was critical to the Kremlin’s narrative that Moscow had options.

Russia’s presence in Africa has been around for a while. In 1960, the Soviet Union supported the UN General Assembly’s statement recognizing colonized countries’ independence and helped finance liberation movements in South Africa, Angola, Mozambique, and others. Relations were strained with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. However, investments by state-owned Russian mining and energy businesses such as Alrosa and Gazprom resumed participation in nations such as Angola and Nigeria in the 2000s.

After Putin’s re-election in 2012, a number of Russian corporations, notably the state-owned VTB Bank, launched an aggressive pursuit of African possibilities. However, several of VTB’s African initiatives got mired in controversy, including its collaboration with Credit Suisse in the supply of $2 billion in loans to Mozambique in 2013 and 2014, dubbed the “tuna bond” crisis. Three former Credit Suisse executives pled guilty to bribery charges.

VTB aided Rostec, a state-owned Russian firm, in its quest to invest in two copper-cobalt mines in the Congo controlled by Congolese state miner Gécamines in 2015. The proposal was favorable, but Russia could not compete with China’s clout. Four years later, a joint venture between Gécamines and China’s state-owned CNMC commenced production at one of the locations, Deziwa.

The tactic, aimed to undermine Western interests while increasing Moscow’s reach, has frequently succeeded, most recently in the Central African Republic, where mercenaries from the Wagner Group and other Russian private military companies have helped expand Russian influence while gaining access to lucrative gold and diamond mining areas.

Regarding trade and investment in Africa, Russia needs more economic might to compete with China, the United States, or the European Union. Russia’s economy is nine times smaller than China’s and marginally bigger than Spain’s. Russia, on the other hand, has tended to play the role of a disruptor. Russia’s involvement in Africa has been steady since the early 2000s when they realized they did not have a solid hand to play compared to other foreign players; therefore, the most they could do was be the spoiler.

The tactic, which aims to undermine Western interests while increasing Moscow’s reach, has frequently succeeded, most recently in the Central African Republic, where mercenaries from the Wagner Group and other Russian private military companies have helped expand Russian influence while gaining access to lucrative gold and diamond mining areas. Although such mining activities are expected to generate hundreds of millions of dollars, there needed to be more proof that the funds were being returned to the Kremlin and most likely used to fund Wagner’s operations.

The most successful pillar of Russia’s traditional commerce with Africa is weaponry, administered mainly by the state-controlled Rosoboron. Russian weapons shipments to Africa surpassed those of any other provider between 2010 and 2021 and were three times bigger than China’s.

Other Russian firms with substantial activities in Africa include Alrosa, which runs diamond sites in Angola and is exploring in Zimbabwe; Rusal, which mines bauxite in Guinea; and Rosatom, which is developing a nuclear power station in Egypt. The US sanctioned Alrosa in April as part of its campaign to cut the Kremlin’s financial sources after last year’s Russian action in Ukraine. Yet, new restrictions against Russian enterprises or diplomatic pressure on governments will unlikely persuade African countries to cut trade links.

Oil is one sector where Russia has dramatically boosted its supplies to Africa since the invasion of Ukraine. In December 2022, Russia shipped 214,000 barrels per day of refined petroleum products to Africa, approximately three times higher than in December 2021. Traders anticipate that the shipments, mostly traveling to Tunisia, Morocco, and Nigeria, will grow due to the EU ban on Russian oil imports. Although African nations appreciate Russian commerce and investment, they also value Russia’s political backing, especially given the country’s permanent place on the United Nations Security Council. Regardless of how little the business involvement is, being a friend of the Kremlin is a method for many African governments to get Russian backing in order to keep them off the UN Security Council agenda.

Russian Retaliatory Measures against Finland’s NATO Accession

By
Asma Khan Durrani
-
0

Russia has maintained that Finland’s military non-alignment stance “served as the cornerstone for stability” in northern Europe, but that this is no longer the case. The challenges to Russian national security posed by Finland’s NATO membership have poised Russia to execute military-technical and other retaliatory actions, according to the Russian Foreign Ministry. A major shift has occurred in Northern Europe, which has historically been one of the world’s most stable areas, as a result of Finland’s accession.

Russia’s border with NATO has almost quadrupled; Finland, which borders Russia for more than 830 miles, officially became the 31st member of the NATO alliance.

Russia’s border with NATO has almost quadrupled; Finland, which borders Russia for more than 830 miles, officially became the 31st member of the NATO alliance. The nation’s accession was formally announced at NATO’s headquarters in Brussels. In May, two months after Russia invaded Ukraine, Finland submitted its application to join NATO. Finland has abandoned its long-held neutrality in the wake of Russia’s decision to launch a military operation in Ukraine.

Notwithstanding commitments made to the ex-president of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, NATO has progressively expanded for decades.

Jens Stoltenberg, the secretary general of NATO, predicted that ‘it will be a positive day for Finland’s security, for Nordic security, and for NATO as a whole.’ As per Stoltenberg, ‘Finland will be stronger and safer as a result of becoming a member and said we are reducing the possibility for miscalculation in Moscow about NATO’s readiness to safeguard Finland.’ Notwithstanding commitments made to the ex-president of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, NATO has progressively expanded for decades.

In reaction to perceived security risks brought on by Finland’s NATO membership, Russian President Vladimir Putin condemned NATO expansion and vowed to take “retaliatory measures.” If the U.S.-led security alliance deploys more personnel or equipment to Finland, Russia has threatened to beef up its military there. Likewise, in reaction, Russia is expanding its military might in the western and northwestern hemispheres. In the event that soldiers and assets from other NATO countries are stationed in Finland, Russia will take further steps to protect its military security. Moreover, he said that NATO nations were intensifying their “anti-Russian strategy” and that providing more military supplies to Ukraine would also escalate the conflict.

Russia has threatened to beef up its military as it is expanding its military might in the western and northwestern hemispheres. In the event that soldiers and assets from other NATO countries are stationed in Finland, Russia will take further steps to protect its military security.

Russian officials have repeatedly warned that the expansion of the Western alliance closer to Russia wouldn’t make the region more stable or secure. Russia has expressed strong concerns about NATO expansion in North Europe and has taken several measures to respond to it. Here are some of the ways Russia has responded:

  • Military buildup: Russia has increased its military presence along its western and northern border in response to NATO expansion. This includes deploying troops and equipment, conducting military exercises, and building new military bases.
  • Diplomatic protests: Russia has repeatedly protested NATO expansion, calling it a threat to its national security. It has also accused NATO of encircling Russia and trying to isolate it from the international community.
  • Economic measures: Russia has used economic measures to respond to NATO expansion. For example, it has imposed trade sanctions on some NATO countries and has restricted imports of certain goods.
  • Persuasion campaigns: Russia has used information operations to sow doubt and distrust about NATO among its own population and in other countries. This includes the spreading of reactive information about NATO’s intentions and actions.
  • Cyberattacks: Russia has been accused of carrying out cyberattacks against NATO countries in an attempt to undermine their security and destabilize their governments.

Consequently, Russia’s response to NATO expansion in North Europe has been one of major concern and opposition and has led to increased tensions between Russia and NATO.

A denial-of-service assault against the website of Finland’s Parliament was attributed to NoName057 (16), a pro-Russian hacking group. Despite the fact that this allegation has not been independently verified, the organization claimed that the attack was in reprisal for Finland to join NATO.

Russian embassy’s official account, accused outgoing Finnish prime minister Sanna Marin of abandoning the country’s long-standing policy of non-alignment. Russia’s embassy called new NATO member Finland a “nuclear target.”

Moscow has observed successive waves of NATO enlargement to the formerly communist east of Europe with much consternation since the conclusion of the Cold War three decades ago, and the issue was a cause for contention even before the Ukraine war.

All of this raises the possibility of a substantial war escalation, but it has no bearing on how the military operation in Ukraine turns out. In these circumstances, retaliatory actions are being taken in support of and in defense of Russia’s security. Certain ground-attack aircraft in Belarus now has nuclear bombs that can be used to attack targets. Moreover, operational-tactical missile systems Iksander M were given to the Belarusian Military Forces for both conventional and nuclear use.

Moscow has observed successive waves of NATO enlargement to the formerly communist east of Europe with much consternation since the conclusion of the Cold War three decades ago, and the issue was a cause for contention even before the Ukraine war. Russia sees NATO enlargement as an “existential” threat to its security, and Finland has used Ukraine’s war to join the alliance justifying its offensive move.

The US militarily strengthened Ukraine to essentially become integrated into the NATO system without being an official member of the alliance.

Strengthening NATO in the face of Russian actions in Ukraine provides Washington with more leverage over the fate of Europe. Similarly, the US militarily strengthened Ukraine to essentially become integrated into the NATO system without being an official member of the alliance. Russia’s military action in Ukraine could have been avoided if the US had not relentlessly provoked it. The accession of Finland to NATO is bound to change the outlook of Europe and the world at large, and it is important to note that the situation between Russia and NATO is complex and multifaceted.

The Influence of Technology on the Future of International Politics

By
Dr. Usman
-
0

Nobody believed Ukraine would survive as Russian armies marched on Kyiv in February 2022. Compared to Ukraine, Russia had more than twice as many troops. More than ten times as much money was allocated to its military. According to the U.S. intelligence community, Kyiv would fall in one to two weeks.

Ukraine resorted to its technological edge over its adversaries. The Ukrainian government uploaded all of its crucial data to the cloud soon after the invasion to protect data and continue to run even if Russian rockets destroyed its ministerial offices.

In the face of overwhelming odds, Ukraine resorted to its technological edge over its adversaries. The Ukrainian government uploaded all of its crucial data to the cloud soon after the invasion to protect data and continue to run even if Russian rockets destroyed its ministerial offices. Only two years earlier, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky launched the Ministry of Digital Transformation, which repurposed the nation’s e-government mobile app, Diia, for open-source intelligence gathering so that individuals could share images and videos of adversary military formations. The Ukrainians relied on SpaceX’s Starlink satellites and ground terminals to keep connected when their communications infrastructure was in danger. As Russia launched drones built in Iran over the border, Ukraine bought its drones explicitly developed to stop Russian strikes while its military learned how to employ foreign weaponry provided by Western partners. Ukraine proved more agile in the cat-and-mouse game of innovation. Russia had anticipated a simple and swift invasion, but that has not happened.

Ukrainian President launched the Ministry of Digital Transformation, which repurposed the nation’s e-government mobile app, Diia, for open-source intelligence gathering so that individuals could share images and videos of adversary military formations.

The Ukrainian people’s tenacity, the Russian military’s frailty, and the potency of Western backing all contributed to Ukraine’s triumph. Yet it also owes something to innovation power, the defining new force in world politics. The capacity for innovation is the capacity to create, adopt, and modify new technologies. It helps both hard power and soft power. Modern platforms and the rules that govern them provide economic leverage, high-tech weaponry systems boost military might, and cutting-edge science and technology broaden its appeal worldwide. States have a long history of using innovation to export their authority overseas, but the self-perpetuating nature of scientific advancements has altered. In particular, advances in artificial intelligence not only open up new fields for scientific discovery but also hasten the process itself. The capacity of scientists and engineers to develop ever more potent technologies is accelerated by artificial intelligence, promoting advancements in both artificial intelligence and other sectors while also transforming the world.

The capacity for innovation is the capacity to create, adopt, and modify new technologies. It helps both hard power and soft power. Modern platforms and the rules that govern them provide economic leverage, high-tech weaponry systems boost military might, and cutting-edge science and technology broaden our appeal worldwide.

The result of the great-power conflict between the United States and China will depend on whether the country can innovate quicker and better, which is the current basis for military, economic, and cultural strength. The United States still has the lead for the time being. Yet China is making up ground in certain sectors while leading in others. Business as usual will not cut it in this century-defining competition if we want to win. Instead, the U.S. government will need to get over its stifled bureaucratic instincts, foster an innovation-friendly environment, and invest in the talent and resources required to ignite the positive cycle of technological growth. It must commit to advancing innovation to benefit the nation and democracy. The future of free countries, open markets, democratic governance, and the international system as a whole are all at risk.

The link between technical advancement and world dominance has existed for centuries, starting with the muskets that Francisco Pizarro used to overthrow the Inca Empire and continuing with the steamboats that Captain Matthew Perry used to force Japan’s opening. Nevertheless, there is no precedence for the rate at which innovation is occurring. Artificial intelligence, one of the pillars of modern technology, is the best example of this transformation.

Using AI, the Ukrainian military has effectively scanned information, surveillance, and reconnaissance data from various sources. Yet eventually, AI systems will start making judgments and supporting human decision-making.

When it comes to the military, today’s AI systems may already provide significant benefits because of their capacity to analyze millions of inputs, spot trends, and notify commanders of enemy activities. For instance, using AI, the Ukrainian military has effectively scanned information, surveillance, and reconnaissance data from various sources. Yet eventually, AI systems will start making judgments and supporting human decision-making. The phrase “OODA loop,” which stands for observe, orient, decide, and act, was created by military strategist and colonel of the U.S. Air Force John Boyd to explain how decisions are made during the conflict. Importantly, AI can complete the OODA loop’s many steps considerably quicker. Computer speed, not human speed, is the pace at which conflict may occur. So, command-and-control systems that depend on human decision-makers or, worse, intricate military hierarchies will be outperformed by quicker, more effective systems that combine people and robots.

The phrase “OODA loop,” which stands for observe, orient, decide, and act, AI can complete the OODA loop’s many steps considerably quicker. Computer speed, not human speed, is the pace at which conflict may occur.

Earlier periods’ geopolitical technologies were mostly solitary from bronze to steel, steam power to nuclear fission. After a nation attained a certain degree of technical expertise, the playing field was leveled. In contrast, artificial intelligence is creative in nature. It may inspire innovation by providing a forum for ongoing scientific and technical advancement. The AI era differs significantly from the Bronze Age and the Steel Age as a result of this event. A nation’s strength today derives from its capacity for constant innovation rather than from its natural resource richness or mastery of a particular technology.

Artificial intelligence is creative in nature. It may inspire innovation by providing a forum for ongoing scientific and technical advancement. The AI era differs significantly from the Bronze Age and the Steel Age as a result of this event.

This positive spiral will continue to accelerate. Superfast computers will enable the processing of ever-larger volumes of data once quantum computing is mature, leading to ever-smarter AI systems. These AI systems will therefore be able to create ground-breaking advancements in other developing domains, such as semiconductor production and synthetic biology. The whole character of scientific inquiry will alter as a result of artificial intelligence. Scientists will find the answers to enduring issues by analyzing enormous data sets rather than making progress one research at a time, enabling the world’s brightest brains to invest more time in creating new ideas. In the fight for innovation power, artificial intelligence (AI) will be essential as a pillar technology, underpinning a plethora of future advancements in drug research, gene therapy, material science, sustainable energy, and AI itself. Faster computers will aid in developing faster computers, although faster aircraft did not contribute to their construction.

Artificial intelligence (AI) will be essential as a pillar technology, underpinning a plethora of future advancements in drug research, gene therapy, material science, sustainable energy, and AI itself.

Drone technology advancements have shown that innovation power underlies military power. First and foremost, a nation’s capacity to conduct war and its deterrent powers are strengthened when it has technical superiority in key fields. Innovation, however, also affects economic power since it gives nations influence over supply networks and the capacity to set norms for others. Nations that depend on commerce or natural resources, particularly those that must import essential or rare items, confront vulnerabilities that other nations do not.

A nation’s capacity to conduct war and its deterrent powers are strengthened when it has technical superiority in key fields. Innovation, however, also affects economic power since it gives nations influence over supply networks and the capacity to set norms for others

Take into account China’s influence on the nations it provides with communications equipment. It is hardly surprising that nations reliant on Chinese infrastructure, such as several in Africa, where Huawei-produced components make up over 70% of 4G networks, have been reluctant to condemn Chinese human rights abuses. Therefore, Taiwan’s supremacy in semiconductor manufacture offers a major deterrent to invasion, as China has no interest in removing its greatest supplier of microchips. Countries that are at the forefront of innovative technology benefit as well. The United States has long had a place at the table determining Internet legislation because of its contribution to the creation of the Internet. For instance, during the Arab Spring, technology firms based in the United States, which served as the Internet’s backbone, were able to reject censorship demands from Arab governments.

The United States has long had a place at the table determining Internet legislation because of its contribution to the creation of the Internet. A nation’s soft power is boosted by technical innovation, which is less evident but as important.

A nation’s soft power is boosted by technical innovation, which is less evident but as important. Hollywood and digital giants like Netflix and YouTube have amassed a wealth of material for an expanding worldwide customer base, aiding in disseminating American ideals. These streaming services introduce the American way of life to international living rooms. The reputation of American institutions and the wealth-building prospects offered by American businesses also draw aspirants from all over the world. In other words, a nation’s capacity to project influence internationally—militarily, economically, and culturally—depends on its capacity to innovate more quickly and effectively than its rivals.

A nation’s capacity to project influence internationally—militarily, economically, and culturally—depends on its capacity to innovate more quickly and effectively than its rivals.

The United States and China will need to support fundamental research and commercialization to invest in all phases of the innovation cycle. The capacity to execute and market discoveries at scale and creativity is necessary for meaningful innovation. This is often the biggest obstacle. For instance, research into electric vehicles aided General Motors in releasing its first model in the market in 1996. However, it took another two decades for Tesla to mass-produce a model that would be profitable. The apparent objective of commercialization must be sought for every new technology, including artificial intelligence (AI), quantum computing, and synthetic biology.

 

 

Explainer : PM Netanyahu’s Judicial Overhauling

By
Asad Malik
-
0

Israel is a country in Middle East that has been involved in a long-standing conflict with Palestine over issues such as borders, security, and status of Jerusalem. The situation in Israel has been complex and volatile, since last few months with occasional outbreaks of violence, protests, and political tensions. In recent months, Israel has also been dealing with domestic issues such as economic inequality, political corruption, and social divisions.

Recent Protests over Judicial Reforms

Since the arrival of PM Netanyahu in the power corridors again, there have been protests in Israel over proposed judicial reforms. Netanyahu’s far-right government has proposed several measures that would limit the powers of the Supreme Court and give the government more control over the appointment of judges. The proposed reforms have been criticized by opposition parties, civil society groups, and legal experts, who argue that they would undermine the independence of judiciary and rule of law. Protests against the proposed reforms have taken place in various cities across Israel, with thousands of people taking to the streets to voice their opposition. The protesters have called for government to abandon proposed reforms and respect the independence of the judiciary.

Retired and serving Israeli diplomat and security officials have been among those who have expressed opposition to the proposed judicial reforms. These officials have argued that the reforms would undermine the independence of the judiciary and could have negative implications for Israel’s standing in the international community.

In a letter signed by dozens of former ambassadors and security officials, the signatories warned that proposed reforms would harm Israel’s image and could make it more difficult for Israel to defend itself against international criticism and pressure. They argued that strong and independent judiciary was crucial for maintaining the rule of law and protecting Israel’s democratic institutions.

The opposition of these officials highlights the broader concerns that many Israelis have about the proposed reforms and underscores the importance of ensuring that any changes to Israel’s legal system are consistent with the principles of democracy and the rule of law.

What Opposition is Saying?

The issue of judicial reform has been a contentious one in Israeli politics, with supporters of reforms arguing that they are necessary to restore balance between branches of government and prevent the judiciary from overstepping its bounds. Opponents of the reforms argue that they represent a dangerous erosion of democratic principles and could undermine the checks and balances that are essential to the functioning of a healthy democracy.

The proposed judicial reforms in Israel have been controversial and have been criticized by many who argued that they would undermine the independence of the judiciary and the rule of law. One of the key concerns is that the reforms could give the government more control over the appointment of judges, which could lead to judges being selected based on their political views rather than their qualifications and expertise.

Critics of the reforms also argue that they could limit the powers of the Supreme Court and make it easier for country’s parliament to overturn its decisions. The Supreme Court in Israel has been seen as a crucial institution in upholding the rule of law and protecting the rights of citizens, and there are concerns that the proposed reforms could weaken its ability to fulfill these roles.

What Supporters of Proposed Judicial Reforms Are Saying?

Supporters of the reforms argue that they are necessary to restore balance between the branches of government and prevent the judiciary from overstepping its bounds. They also argue that the Supreme Court has become too powerful and that its decisions have sometimes been at odds with the will of the people and the elected government. However, opponents of the reforms argue that they represent a dangerous erosion of democratic principles and could undermine the checks and balances that are essential to the functioning of a healthy democracy.

Regarding the proposed judicial reforms, PM Netanyahu and his government had been among the supporters of the reforms. Netanyahu had argued that Supreme Court had overstepped its bounds and that proposed reforms were necessary to restore balance between the branches of government. However, the proposed reforms faced significant opposition from opposition parties, civil society groups, and legal experts. Despite this opposition, Netanyahu’s government had continued to push for the reforms.

Way Forward?

The way forward regarding the proposed judicial reforms will depend on various factors, including the political will of the government, public opinion, and the actions of civil society groups and legal experts. If the government continues to push for the reforms, it may face continued opposition from those who argue that they would undermine the independence of the judiciary and the rule of law. This opposition could take the form of protests, civil society campaigns, and legal challenges.

On the other hand, if the government decides to abandon the proposed reforms, it may need to find alternative ways to address any perceived imbalances between the branches of government or concerns about role of Supreme Court. Ultimately, the way forward will require a careful balancing of the competing interests and priorities of different stakeholders, including the government, civil society, legal experts, and the public. It will also require a commitment to upholding the principles of democracy, the rule of law, and the protection of human rights.

1...137138139...146Page 138 of 146

Stratheia aims to be a global pioneer in the field of strategic intelligence. Our independent team of researchers cover topics ranging from the latest geopolitical events, to public policy, cyber security, and intelligence analytics.

Share with Us

Opinions, Analysis, and Rebuttals.

Write for us
About Us
Writers Pool

© All Rights Reserved. Stratheia, 2024