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The Sacrifice of Sepoy Haroon William

By
Syeda Aliza Jaffery
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The last rites of Pakistan Army soldier Haroon William, who heroically lost his life in an operation against terrorists, were performed with solemnity and respect.

The last rites of Pakistan Army soldier Haroon William, who heroically lost his life in an operation against terrorists, were performed with solemnity and respect. According to the Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR), the 29-year-old soldier sacrificed his life in defense of the motherland during an operation in Karam. This tragic incident has once again highlighted the immense sacrifices made by the soldiers of Pakistan in their unwavering commitment to the nation’s security and sovereignty.

The funeral service for Sepoy Haroon William was held at St. Paul’s Church in Rawalpindi. The church was filled with an air of solemn reverence as family, friends, and colleagues gathered to pay their last respects. The ceremony was attended by prominent figures, including Prime Minister Shahbaz Sharif, Army Chief, and Defense Minister Khawaja Asif. Their presence underscored the nation’s recognition of his bravery and the ultimate sacrifice he made for Pakistan. The attendance of such high-ranking officials served as a testament to the importance of honoring those who lay down their lives for the country.

ISPR also reported that the funerals of other brave soldiers, including Havaldar Aqeel Ahmed, Lance Naik Mohammad Tafir, Sepoy Anush Rufan, and Sepoy Mohammad Azam Khan, were conducted in their respective native areas. These soldiers, like Sepoy Haroon William, were honored for their unwavering commitment and service to the country. Their sacrifices, though deeply mourned, are a source of immense pride for their families and the nation.

The collective grief felt by the community is matched by a profound respect for the courage these men displayed.

During the ceremony, Prime Minister Shahbaz Sharif took a moment to speak, praising the contributions and sacrifices of the Christian community in the development and defense of Pakistan. He emphasized that the armed forces of Pakistan are a diverse group comprising individuals from various backgrounds, all united in their mission to protect the nation. “The armed forces are a collection of people from different backgrounds, striving for the collective defense of the state,” he stated. This unity in diversity is one of the core strengths of the Pakistani military, reflecting the broader societal fabric of the country.

Reflecting on the tragic incident, the Prime Minister expressed his deep sorrow, stating, “As a result of a very sad incident yesterday, Haroon William sacrificed his life for the country. I salute the sons of those who sacrificed. The Pakistan Army is committed to defending the state.” He highlighted the enduring legacy of the martyrs and the importance of their sacrifices for the nation’s security, asserting that such sacrifices will not go in vain. The Prime Minister’s words resonated with many, as they underscored the high regard in which these fallen heroes are held.

The Prime Minister further acknowledged the significant contributions of the Christian community, noting their roles in the Army, Air Force, and Navy. He reiterated the constitutional and legal equality of all citizens, calling for the protection of children from becoming orphans and ensuring that every individual has equal opportunities to live and thrive in Pakistan. “The Christian community has made great sacrifices for Pakistan. They have offered their services in various branches of the military, contributing to the defense of the nation,” he added.

His statements highlighted the integral role played by minority communities in the country’s development and security.

The Army Chief also spoke at the ceremony, commending the services of Sepoy Haroon William, Sepoy Anush Rufan, and their fellow soldiers. He remarked on the unity and bravery demonstrated by these soldiers, calling it a testament to the strength of the nation. “The unity and bravery of these soldiers is an example of the strength of the nation. The nation will always be indebted to the services and sacrifices of these soldiers for the motherland,” he said. Army Chief remarks served as a poignant reminder of the collective resilience and dedication of the armed forces.

The ceremony concluded with a renewed commitment to honor and remember the sacrifices of those who have laid down their lives for Pakistan. The atmosphere was charged with a mix of grief and pride, as attendees reflected on the bravery of the fallen soldiers. The collective strength and resilience of the nation in the face of adversity were palpable, demonstrating a unified front against any threats to the country’s sovereignty.

The last rites of Sepoy Haroon William, along with his fellow soldiers, serve as a stark reminder of the ongoing struggles faced by the Pakistan Army in its mission to protect the nation. Their sacrifices, while deeply mourned, are a source of national pride and inspiration. The nation stands united in honoring these heroes, with a pledge to never forget their contributions and to continue striving for the safety and security of Pakistan. As the nation bids farewell to its brave sons, their legacy lives on, inspiring future generations to serve with the same dedication and courage.

The Truth Behind Pakistan-China Relations

By
Chiara Cacco and Dr. Sahibzada Muhammad Usman
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In a recent press conference, Federal Minister for Development and Planning Ahsan Iqbal addressed ongoing rumors about Pakistan-China relations.

In a recent press conference, Federal Minister for Development and Planning Ahsan Iqbal addressed ongoing rumors about Pakistan-China relations. He asserted that the opposing political party’s claims that China has lowered its relationship level with Pakistan are not only unfounded but also harmful to national interests. According to Iqbal, such behavior is undemocratic and counterproductive, equating to playing with the state’s interests, a move that neither the government nor the nation will tolerate.

Iqbal emphasized that India should not mislead the international community regarding the Pakistan-China joint statement on the Kashmir issue. Jammu and Kashmir, he pointed out, is an internationally recognized disputed territory that has been on the United Nations Security Council’s agenda for seven decades.

It is, therefore, unacceptable for anyone to question the steadfast friendship between Pakistan and China or their aligned stance on major projects like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and the situation in Occupied Kashmir.

The roots of Pakistan-China friendship trace back to 1949, two years after Pakistan’s establishment, with Pakistan being one of the first countries to recognize the People’s Republic of China. The relationship solidified during the 1962 Sino-Indian War when Pakistan supported China, enhancing its prestige in Chinese eyes. This friendship deepened further during the 1965 Indo-Pak War when China supported Pakistan, showcasing true camaraderie. Again, in 1971, during another critical period for Pakistan, China demonstrated its unwavering support, further cementing the bond between the two nations.

Over the past 75 years, regardless of the various governments and political dynamics within Pakistan, one constant has been the unshakeable friendship between Pakistan and China, often described as “higher than the Himalayas.” This sentiment is shared across political spectrums and by the general populace. The relationship is not only strategic but also deeply rooted in mutual respect and cooperation, transcending changes in political leadership and regional dynamics.

A significant milestone in this enduring relationship came in 2013 with the launch of the historic CPEC project, aimed at regional development. This mega-project includes energy initiatives, the Sendak copper-gold project, Gwadar Port, a double-track railway from Karachi to Peshawar, and an extensive road network.

The project is divided into three phases: the first phase was set for completion by 2020, the middle phase by 2025, and the final phase by 2030. To date, 27 projects worth $19 billion have been completed, while 63 projects worth $35 billion remain pending.

However, the last six years have seen a significant slowdown in the CPEC project, which was originally slated to have its second phase completed by 2025. This slowdown can be attributed to various factors, including political instability within Pakistan and external pressures. The recent visit of Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and his team to China was a crucial step towards reviving this critical initiative. Both governments are now working diligently to recover from the setbacks of the past six years, with a focus on agricultural and industrial revolutions, increased trade links, and revolutionary developments in communications—essential measures in the face of Pakistan’s rapidly deteriorating economic situation.

The strategic partnership between Pakistan and China has always been a cornerstone of both nations’ foreign policies. This partnership has seen various facets, from defense cooperation to economic collaboration, and has been a stabilizing factor in the region. The CPEC project, in particular, symbolizes the depth and breadth of this relationship, aiming to transform Pakistan’s infrastructure and boost its economy. The benefits of CPEC are envisioned to extend beyond economic gains, fostering closer people-to-people ties and cultural exchanges.

In light of the recent propaganda, it is imperative for the political parties in Pakistan to rise above partisan politics and prioritize national interests. The continuation of the Pakistan-China friendship is not just a political necessity but a strategic imperative. Political parties must transcend all kinds of differences and promote mutual cooperation as a national cause.

This united front is essential to maintain the historic and strategic partnership that has been a cornerstone of both nations’ foreign policies.

Moreover, it is crucial to recognize the external forces at play. India, by misleading the international community, aims to drive a wedge between Pakistan and China. This tactic is not new but has gained momentum in recent times. It is, therefore, the responsibility of the Pakistani leadership and its people to counter such narratives with facts and a united stance. The international community should also be reminded of the long-standing and legitimate claims of the people of Jammu and Kashmir, who have been awaiting justice for seven decades.

Ultimately, the baseless propaganda suggesting a rift in Pakistan-China relations is not only inaccurate but detrimental to national interests. The unyielding friendship between Pakistan and China remains as robust as ever, underscored by decades of mutual support and strategic cooperation. Political parties in Pakistan must rise above partisan politics to ensure the continuity and strengthening of this vital alliance. The strategic, economic, and cultural ties between Pakistan and China are too significant to be undermined by unfounded claims. As both nations look forward to the future, their partnership will continue to play a pivotal role in the region’s stability and prosperity.

 

Putin Meets Kim Jong Un: A Strategic Bromance

By
Syed Umair Jalal
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Early Wednesday morning Russian President Vladimir Putin was welcomed with a red carpet upon his arrival in North Korea.

Early Wednesday morning Russian President Vladimir Putin was welcomed with a red carpet upon his arrival in North Korea. It is his first trip to the dictatorial regime in twenty-four years. Kim Jong Un, the leader of North Korea, met Mr. Putin on the tarmac upon his arrival. Under the watchful eye of a military guard of honor, the two leaders had a lengthy and enthusiastic discussion. Both leaders had previously met in September 2023 at the Vostochny cosmodrome in the far eastern part of Russia. But this is Putin’s first trip to Pyongyang since 2000. Their relations have improved recently, especially in the wake of Russia’s full-scale military invasion of Ukraine. Since the beginning of the conflict in Ukraine, North Korea has continuously sided with Russia; it voted against the UN resolution denouncing Russia’s invasion and joined Russia in recognizing Luhansk and Donetsk as separate republics.

Both the US and South Korea are concerned that North Korea has been providing Russia with large quantities of artillery shells and other munitions, which are said to be meant for use against Ukraine. North Korea has refuted these claims, nevertheless. According to South Korean Defence Minister Shin Won-sik in a recent interview, North Korea might have sent Russia up to five million shells and several ballistic missiles. Shin claims that Russia has been helping North Korea with its financial problems by sending containers—probably with food and other kind of aid. Russia responded in March by doing Pyongyang a political favor and voting in support of the UN Security Council panel dissolution of the North Korea sanctions monitoring system. The two increasingly isolated nations have engaged in a sequence of bilateral diplomatic and cultural interactions during the past year. Visits by Russia’s defense minister and North Korea’s foreign minister have been part of these exchanges. Kim Jong Un visited testing facilities and weapons plants a lot during the same period.

Before Putin arrived, he praised North Korea in a letter that appeared in the official Rodong Sinmun newspaper. He praised North Korea for supporting Russia’s military operations and presented the two countries as fighting a parallel conflict against the United States and its supporters.

The Russian supremo pledged to establish alternative trade and settlement systems that are independent of Western supervision, as well as create a fair and unified security framework in Eurasia. Additionally, efforts will be made to enhance interpersonal connections. Yuri Ushakov, Putin’s foreign policy adviser, suggests that instead of previous bilateral agreements, the presidents have the option to sign a comprehensive strategic cooperation treaty.

On the other hand, North Korean experts in both the US and South Korea are not sure if the friendship will grow much beyond the current talks. Cho Han-bum, a researcher at the Korea Institute for National Unification in Seoul, a government think tank, says, “The upcoming visit will probably be a kind of political lip service.” He also says that it will help Putin keep Kim Jong Un’s support during the long war and raise Kim’s profile both at home and abroad. “Once the war in Ukraine ends, North Korea will no longer be important to Russia,” says Cho. Compared to trade between Russia and South Korea is much more as compared to North Korea. Based on its relationship with South Korea, the Institute for National Security Strategy, a think tank connected with South Korea’s top intelligence agency, says that Russia would be cautious about making big offers to the North, like giving the North advanced military technology or signing a mutual defense treaty commented by Jenny Town in-charge of the Korea Programme at the Stimson Centre, a Washington, D.C.-based think tank for foreign policy. She says that even if the two countries agree on more military cooperation, they would not want to make it official or make it public.

Many of North Korea’s military activities are also restricted by sanctions. The country also tries to be self-sufficient and avoids appearing to depend on other countries.

The latest summit between Kim and Putin may change China’s strategy. This development has created both challenges and opportunities for China. Historically, China has consistently been North Korea’s primary ally and a crucial source of economic support. This connection ensures the stability of the region and grants them authority over Pyongyang. However, the growing closeness between Russia and North Korea could make it harder for Beijing to fully control North Korea on its own, which would have an impact on China’s strategic goals. Russia and North Korea are working together more, which could be seen as a way to weaken the US’s position as the leader in East Asia. This is in line with China’s goal of stopping American domination. Because of recent events, China might need to rethink its political and economic goals to make sure it can keep having a long-lasting effect on North Korea.

Russia gives North Korea help with the specific goal of making its military stronger, especially when it comes to its nuclear weapons project. This could make it harder for China to reach its goals of promoting peace in the area and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons. There will be even more trouble on the Korean Peninsula because of this.

China has been the leader in this business for a long time, so it’s possible that the new measures will make it harder for North Koreans to get instruments and get economic opportunities.

The Chinese government might decide to step up its diplomatic efforts with Russia and North Korea to help people understand each other better and protect China’s position as the dominant country in the area. There is a chance that people who are against the US plan will work together after Putin and Kim discuss it. Also, it would give China new problems that it would have to carefully deal with in order to keep its strong control over the area. China needs to deal with and solve these problems right away.

There will be big and sudden changes in the world’s politics after the meeting between Vladimir Putin and Kim Jong-un. This meeting is very important to the United States of America. The West is putting more pressure on North Korea, which is making its separation from other countries worse. This meeting makes it clear that North Korea and Russia want to work together more. There have been a lot of armed events in the US since the peace process started. The sanctions against North Korea might not work as well if things keep going the way they are. They are more likely to keep talking about nukes. North Korea and China could work together to help Russia win its war with the West. Along with other places, this makes it harder for the US to weaken Russia’s power. Big changes could happen in the safety of the Asia-Pacific area because of this link. Since new threats come up all the time, the US will have to change its plans for the military and the government. Things between Russia and North Korea could change a lot when Kim Jong-un and Vladimir Putin meet. Changes like these could hurt the US’s long-term plans and make things worse in other places.

Modi 3.0 and Indian Economy

By
Moazam Khan
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As PM Modi’s BJP has secured a third term last in Lok Sabha elections, it is projected that a tough time lay ahead for the Indian PM. In his previous two terms, Modi enjoyed the overwhelming support of the people and won consecutive terms with a clear and thumping majority. Owing to the popularity of the BJP, the Modi government passed various controversial laws to accomplish its objectives. The abrogation of Article 370, the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) and the construction of Ram Mandar boosted Modi’s political campaigns.

Dwindling economic indicators also caused concerns to the BJP, but Modi ignored them and continued to paddle the narrative of a strong Indian economy.

On the foreign policy front, the Modi government faced various setbacks as it pursued Hindutva-driven policies to accomplish its strategic objectives. PM Modi failed to bring peace to the region and rather escalated tension with China, Pakistan and other neighbours such as Nepal and Bangladesh. In their third term, Modi has raised the slogan of a greater and stronger India. However, the facts on the ground are different this time again. Modi government has failed to secure even a simple majority in Lok Sabha. For that matter, Modi’s BJP will have to work and collaborate with unusual collation partners, and it will not be an easy task.

The election campaign of BJP and PM Modi was focused on hate and communal division. BJP leaders vowed to end special quota for Muslims and other underdeveloped communities. Some of BJP’s hardliners, such as Yogi Aditiyanath and Amit Shah, during their campaign, called Muslim intruders. Their campaign went all out against non-Hindu groups. However, the people of India have punished them and proved that they do not agree with the Hindutva-centric agenda of the BJP. The BJP, therefore, secured only 241 seats out of 538 across the country. It is not in a position to stake claims for the government formation. The allies of Modi have shown resentment against the nationalist and Muslim policies of the BJP.

Therefore, Modi 3.0 will face various challenges in completing its term. Interestingly, political commentators claim that Modi is unlikely to complete his tenure as a PM at this time as some collation partners may withdraw their support in the near future due to policy differences. Besides this, collation partners have demanded key positions and powers from the Modi government. For instance, they want statehood in the state of Andhra Pradesh and more share in central development funds. Additionally, they have asked for key central ministries and the Lok Sabha speaker position. These demands have upset BJP leaders. Although the BJP refused to accept these demands, it will have to act in favour of them in future to keep the alliance and government intact.

Likewise, on the economic front, the Modi government is facing challenges due to the decline of the national currency against the US dollar. However, critics argue that Modi’s policies in his previous two terms could not yield the desired results and tangible gains, particularly regarding job creation. PM Modi has claimed that he has transformed India into a developmental and economic hub. However, independent research findings denied his claims. Instead, inflation and unemployment rates during the ten years of the Modi government increased extensively.

The demonetization policy in 2016 triggered massive inflation across the country and made the lives of the general masses miserable. It has also increased General Sale taxes on various commodities, ultimately creating more economic miseries for the people and the country in particular. Moreover, Modi didn’t allow people to criticize the government policies and used authoritarian tendencies to stop them. Similarly, the Indian people are facing various challenges today. Their dreams for a bright future seem dim. They are trapped under Modi’s nationalist policies.

Economic issues, rising inflation, unemployment, partisan politics, and foreign policy challenges are likely to dominate Modi 3.0.

Likely, the government will not complete its tenure, and a Congress-led alliance may take over the reins of government next year. Therefore, Indian economic miseries are likely to grow in the near future. Addressing these challenges requires multi-pronged strategies to facilitate the common man. As India stands at the crossroads of history, our choices today will shape the destiny of future generations.

The Modi government should stop manipulating economic indicators. Manipulation of the economic sector may increase miseries for the general masses. It will have to take tangible steps to ease inflation and the burden that was put on the shoulders of poor people. Rising inflation and falling economic indicators are likely to decrease Modi’s popularity.

Advancing Artificial Intelligence: Implications for Human Security

By
Musfirah Rashid
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The revolution in Artificial Intelligence (AI) confronts us with the greatest challenge our generation has ever incurred. The convergence of biotechnology and information technology is making humans obsolete. Though emerging technologies hold wonderful promises, threats and dangers are also inevitable.

The emersion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is shaping different sectors at an expeditious pace like sustainable development, equality and inclusivity, productivity, and environmental change.  The concept of AI is often labelled as fuzzy and difficult to define due to emerging transformations. However, to understand the nuance of AI, one must try to grasp its definition: “System’s ability to correctly interpret external data, to learn from such data, and to use those learnings to achieve specific goals and tasks through flexible adaptation”.

Various viewpoints and opinions are presented on the future of AI in enhancing human security, but less is discussed regarding the implications it will induce in the near future.

It is not easy to grasp all the angles of how AI will impact human security. Artificial intelligence is, without a doubt, transforming the world and will continue to do so. However, despite AI’s potential to bring positive change, there is still a chance it will have detrimental effects on society.

What does the future holds for us?

Consumers frequently concentrate on privacy and anti-discrimination since it’s easier to anticipate potential problems in these areas. However, the deeper issue is the handling of data by big corporations and using algorithms to manipulate the thoughts of humans. The sole objective that humans have been pursuing for ages is freedom of expression, yet big data algorithms curtail human authority and undermine the idea of individual freedom.

Like the democratic system, the political process does not revolve around what we think but rather about what we feel. States used personal data obtained by elite corporations in the name of safety to exploit for their political process. In his book, Yuval Noah Harari indicates, “For once somebody gains the technological ability to hack and manipulate the human heart, democratic politics will mutate into an emotional puppet show”.

States might not have reached into the hearts of humans, but they accomplish tracking human activities. States are using emerging algorithms to restrict people’s voices against their policies. A striking example of infringements on privacy occurred when Social Sentinal provided sophisticated technology to colleges for the safety and security of students through social media platforms, but Kennesaw State University authorities used those systems to track down the students involved in demonstrations. Similarly, China used AI to censor speeches against lockdowns during a pandemic.

Privacy is not the only solicitude faced by humans in advancing technology. AI is often praised for its good usage in achieving sustainable development goals, i.e. AI4Good. However, the environmental effects of growing technological use are disregarded in the flurry to develop cutting-edge technologies. A study illustrated that an estimated 600,000 lb of carbon dioxide emissions could result from training a single deep learning natural language processing (NLP) model on a GPU because of substantial energy consumption.

Looking at about the same amount of carbon dioxide emissions created over the course of five cars. Similarly, Google’s Alpha produces 96 tonnes of CO2 over the course of 40 days of training. In a crucial time when the global community is calling out for a reduction in carbon emissions to mitigate environmental hazards, one can question the carbon footprint left by algorithms just playing games.

AI is not just restricted to manufacturing; it is expected to become as ubiquitous as cell phones and the internet.

A Way Forward: Sustainable AI

At present, there is no centralized approach to measuring the impacts of AI and Machine learning on human security. Rapid technological transformations make regulating and monitoring the system’s ethics difficult. The phenomena of Sustainable AI is an initiative to promote change towards higher ecological integrity and social justice throughout the whole lifecycle of AI products, including concept generation, training, implementation, and governance. Sustainable AI is more centred on socio-technical systems rather than AI applications.

Data privacy and ethics should be monitored under the Universal Human Rights Declaration; a promising approach to understanding the impact is to use AI human rights impact assessment (HRIAs). HRIA system works through understanding the effects of specific projects when developers and deployers still have a chance to modify or abandon the project. It will help to mitigate the possible threats to human security.

The carbon footprint left by AI/ML is not inescapable and needs not only to be the price of progress. AI needs to be seen as a societal experiment being done on people. We still have a lot to learn about this technology. Since AI is now clearly experimental, it is crucial to implement moral precautions to keep both people and the environment safe.

State-led AI projects should be regulated under a “proportionality framework” to assess the carbon footprint left while tuning and training machines.  Additionally, carbon trackers should be used by AI machines to not only indicate the carbon footprint of training a particular model is monitored but it should also be projected to halt model training if the anticipated environmental cost is surpassed.

In the race to achieve the most advanced technology in every walk of life, we certainly cannot ignore the cost of it. Humans must be protected in technological revolutions to make sense of this world.

Social Media’s Truth Crisis: How to Stop the Proliferation of Lies?

By
Dr. Siraj Bashir Baloch
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Social media has changed the human condition like nothing before it; the way we communicate, disseminate news, and experience the world are all completely different due to social media platforms. The revolution has come in many forms, in proliferation through connectivity and the democratization of information. Yet, for the young, this digital revolution has raised many pressing questions that must be answered quickly and creatively.

In a way we’ve never seen before, social media has become the force that has defined our digital generation.

They have become daily haunts for hundreds of thousands of Pakistanis, allowing them to communicate and express themselves like never before. Although it has a lot of benefits, it also has its fair share of misinformation. The presence of misinformation on these platforms is particularly dangerous for a society like Pakistan, where misinformation can lead to public health problems and amplify political tensions. This issue deserves a comprehensive response, including government tasks, media literacy, and cooperation among actors.

Given the speed and scope of information generation, it is nearly impossible for any of us to separate the wheat from the chaff. Misinformation leads to the creation and dissemination of fake material. Social media often transmits erroneous content akin to inanity. Therefore, the world is teeming with fakes, conspiracy theories, and special operations. But that leads to the question: how can we ensure freedom of expression without helping to spread fake news?

Misinformation on social media is a problem Pakistan shares with many other countries worldwide. Today, the internet spreads fake news, scams, and conspiracy theories, often resulting in fatalities. Misinformation is a big problem, especially in Pakistan, where digital literacy is very low. Secondly, more and more people, fragmented and isolated by poverty in rural Pakistan, have either had no schooling or have experienced only the most rudimentary form of education. This may prevent them from developing the critical thinking skills to distinguish between fact and fiction.

Since social media has managed to bring smartphones and cheap Internet to everyone, it has had no significant impact, keeping a large percentage of Pakistanis capable of accepting online lies.

Furthermore, droning disinformation merchants can hoodwink and manipulate a substantial portion of Pakistan’s population at the drop of a hat without any government censorship or civil rights intervention, let alone multinational corporations selling information rather than commodities. Addressing these issues comprehensively in Pakistan requires regulation, education, and collaboration from the government, civil society, and social media.

Firstly, it is the government’s responsibility to issue strict guidelines for the media’s release of information on social networking sites. This legislation should include regulations making social media companies bear the responsibility for combating misinformation, regardless of what sense or method they use. Apart from regulations, Pakistan will also need to start a large project on information literacy that informs Pakistanis about the risks of fake news and teaches them how to distinguish between real and false news items.

In a country like Pakistan, you can even have a 10-year-old’s social media account. A lack of age verification could allow children as young as primary school to sign up without knowing or having someone tell them they are legally taking risks and responsibilities the moment they open a profile. Here is a simple solution to the problem of making government policy: there will be policies on social accounts at age 18.

Research indicates that individuals between the ages of 15 and 18 are primarily responsible for disseminating false information, partly because of their incapacity and the simplicity of their ideas.

The fight against fake news on social media contains too much effort and requires everyone to come together under one umbrella. While the challenges of fake news are solvable, they will require an adaptive approach that targets both the technology and social dimensions of the problem. Navigating the terrains of this digital age requires that we maintain our integrity, transparency, and, most importantly, our education.

By promoting media literacy, enforcing regulations effectively, and collaborating with the government, civil society, and social media platforms, Pakistan can take positive steps towards preventing misinformation from permeating the entire society and becoming an insidious phenomenon that hinders the development of an informed, resilient, and democratic society. The journey ahead will not be easy, but with resolve and a united front, we can shape a world where truth still matters and the common individual is educated enough to tread the digital landscape with confidence and prudence.

Russian Naval Fleet in Cuba: A Strategic Concern to Washington

By
Syed Umair Jalal
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On June 12, 2024, the Russian Naval fleet arrived in Cuba for a five-days visit just off 160km from the mainland of the United States of America.

On June 12, 2024, the Russian Naval fleet arrived in Cuba for a five-days visit just off 160km from the mainland of the United States of America. Russia’s Admiral Gorshkov frigate and the nuclear-powered submarine Kazan are in the fleet. A tugboat and a fuel ship are also there. The move is seen as a show of force by Moscow as tensions rise over its invasion of Ukraine by the Western world. Along the Malecon waterfront avenue in Havana, curious onlookers, police, and fishermen gathered to greet the fleet when it arrived on Wednesday. Longtime friend Cuba hailed the arrival of the vessels with a 21-gun salute, as Russian officials waved little Russian flags and snapped pictures against the backdrop of the old fortifications of the port. On route to Cuba, the four Russian vessels engaged in “high-precision missile weapons” training in the Atlantic Ocean.

The Russian Ministry of Defence stated that the submarine and frigate had Zircon hypersonic missiles, Kalibr cruise missiles, and Onyx anti-ship missiles. Following Washington and some of Ukraine’s other Western allies allowing Kyiv to use their weaponry on targets inside Russia amid a fresh Russian attack on northeastern Kharkiv and fighting personnel and ammunition shortages, the unexpected deployment of the Russian navy so close to the United States follows.
From Key West in the southern state of Florida, where the US operates a naval aviation station, Havana, Cuba sits just 160 km (100 miles). Referring to the Western engagement in the Russia-Ukraine crises, Benjamin Gedan, director of the Latin America program at the Washington, DC-based Wilson Centre think tank, told the press that “The warships are a reminder to Washington that it is unpleasant when an adversary meddles in your near abroad”.

He further stated that it also reminds Russian close allies in the Caribbean including Cuba and Venezuela that they still have their back in a time of need.

The former Cold War rival, the US declared in a statement through its National Security Advisor, Jake Sullivan, that such naval exercises were routine and nothing more. Sullivan further confirmed that Russia is not planning any missile installations in Cuba but still, the US will remain vigilant. Washington stated that the visit was not a threat; nonetheless, on June 13, the United States Southern Command announced that a fast-attack submarine from the United States landed at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, as part of a planned and normal port visit. Another guard ship from the Canadian Navy was also at Havana at the same time. On June 14, the Canadian government announced that the ship had arrived, which is a demonstration of the “capable and deployable” nature of the Canadian military.

During the era of the Cold War, the USSR, and the United States came across an incident inches away from turning the conflict into a hot war notoriously known as the Cuban missile crisis in 1962. Cuba was a significant ally of the then-Soviet Union during the Cold War; when Moscow replied to a US missile deployment in Turkey by moving ballistic missiles to Cuba, the standoff brought the world almost to nuclear war. Cuba has kept ties to Russia and the two nations have grown closer following the fall of the Soviet Union in a 2022 conference between Russian President Vladimir Putin and Cuban President Miguel Diaz-Canel. For Havana, the ties is largely driven by economic need since it battles with shortages of everything from food and medicine to fuel. The US has maintained a financial blockade and trade embargo on Cuba since 1960.

Russia offered to assist Havana in initiatives ranging from sugar production to infrastructure, renewable energy, and tourism. Russia in March provided 90,000 metric tons of Russian oil to Cuba to help ease shortages.

Creating a Russian maritime facility in Cuba has significant geopolitical implications for the United States. This operation, which highlights Moscow’s will and ability to launch attacks in the Western Hemisphere close to US borders, might be interpreted as a significant assertion of Russian military prowess and geopolitical sway. The Russian navy soldiers positioned near the US continental area serve as a strategic counterbalance to NATO’s activities near Russian borders, highlighting the reciprocal nature of military posturing in international affairs. The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, in which the Soviet Union put missiles in Cuba, made nuclear war much more likely. This event reminded Americans of how tense things were during the Cold War. Even though things may not be that bad right now, the fact that the Russian military is in Cuba makes us think about how future wars might be like the Cold War.

The strategic position of Russia’s navy in the area forces the US to change both its defensive and diplomatic policy. The statement says that Russia is ready to question US dominance in Latin American and Caribbean areas that have usually been US-owned. This move could make it more likely for Moscow and its neighbors to strengthen their ties, which would make it harder for the US to keep its influence in the area and keep the peace. Having Russian troops in Cuba could make things even worse between the US and Cuba diplomatically, which is already very tense. If the US military thinks the Russian fleet could be a threat, they might have to get ready even more and give forces in the area more weapons. If this happens, the race to make weapons could get worse or our present problems could get worse.

Being a part of the Russian fleet also influences world peace and relations. If this trend keeps up, other countries may do the same to try to change what’s happening in other countries. As a result, the way power is distributed around the world would become more difficult and unpredictable. The US might have to increase its diplomatic initiatives to fortify relationships and combat Russian influence in the Western Hemisphere and throughout the globe A more robust Russian military posture so near US borders might affect US politics as legislators and people consider what that would imply. Against US strategic objectives, the complex geopolitical scenario surrounding the arrival of the Russian fleet in Cuba calls for strong and decisive responses to safeguard regional stability and global security.

Between Hammer and Anvil

By
Professor Alexander Kostyuk
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NATO European defence policy against the backdrop of the war in Ukraine and Trump’s possible victory in the U.S. elections. At the end of May 2024, NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg announced the need for NATO countries to create a fund of assistance to Ukraine for five years in the amount of USD 100 billion. We are talking about military aid.

According to Stoltenberg, this fund could guarantee Ukraine’s military aid if Trump wins the US presidential election in November 2024. What is the reaction of European politicians to Stoltenberg’s initiative?

According to Politico, “the plan is a bit confusing,” an Eastern European official said on condition of anonymity due to the issue’s sensitivity. Whether the European NATO heavyweights Germany and France will back the plan remains to be seen. Paris has preferred to keep defence spending within the EU rather than NATO, while Chancellor Olaf Scholz is unwilling to spend more than has already been set aside under the country’s Zeitenwende (“turning point”) pledges, stemming from a speech he delivered following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.

Another official, also from a country friendly toward Ukraine, said he “won’t be surprised” if the €100 billion figure is ultimately revised but predicted the allies would need to find ways to show concrete support for Kyiv. Two other officials with knowledge of the discussion confirmed talks were ongoing, especially concerning the amount of money and ways of allocating it.

The contribution of the United States is questionable after a long-lasting, past partisan debate in Congress related to the military aid of Ukraine. Is the US capable of getting through one more partisan battle in Congress again in the wake of the ongoing presidential campaign? If the US is not capable, who will take leadership of the NATO fundraising campaign for Ukraine?

Stoltenberg’s initiative may raise questions for those NATO countries that can still not meet NATO’s 2% GDP requirement for defence spending. As of 2023, only 11 NATO countries complied with this requirement. To fulfil this requirement, European NATO members have to find about 30 billion euros in additional funding, i.e., increase their 1.85 per cent to 2 per cent. At the same time, they must allocate an additional 20 billion euros to Ukraine each year.

In 2016, then-candidate Trump’s statements about the unfair fiscal burden carried by the United States compared with its European allies was nothing fundamentally new in NATO’s nearly seven-decade history, as Fabrice Pothier and Alexander Vershbow mentioned. We can, for example, refer to the experience of the 1970s, when Henry Kissinger pressed US European partners toward an increase in their defence expenditures.

However, in 2016, Trump moved ahead and declared his readiness to make conditional US commitments under Article 5 of NATO’s founding treaty, which obligates members to defend any ally that comes under attack. Trump has suggested that would depend on whether the ally in question had “fulfilled [its financial] obligations to us.” In this, Trump meant NATO’s 2 per cent gross domestic product target for defence spending.

Stoltenberg should remember his conversation with US President Trump in 2018 on the eve of the NATO summit. The conversation was difficult, as Trump was quite blunt in voicing his displeasure that most European countries were saving on defence costs and not meeting the 2 per cent of GDP requirement in defence spending, i.e., effectively shifting their defence costs onto the shoulders of the United States.

In his memoirs, John Bolton, National Security Advisor to the US President, emphasized that Stoltenberg’s proposal to increase these defence costs gradually until 2024, and in particular in 2018 by 40 billion Euros, did not diminish Trump’s indignation, said that it was only possible to get an immediate result from the European countries by the ultimatum, i.e. either the European countries increase defence costs to 2% of GDP, or the US withdraws from NATO.

The situation in 2018 is much different from the situation in 2024 – it is now the third year of a large-scale war in Ukraine, on the border with NATO and the EU.

It was not a cold war but a hot war that Europe avoided in every way possible since World War II. At the same time, more than 20 NATO countries still do not meet the requirement of 2% of GDP for defence.

Trump addressed the first reminder to the European NATO countries in February 2024 when speaking during a political rally in South Carolina, quoted the president of “a big country” that he did not name as asking, “Well, sir, if we don’t pay, and we’re attacked by Russia – will you protect us? I said: ‘You didn’t pay? You’re delinquent?’ He said: ‘Yes, let’s say that happened.’ No I would not protect you. I would encourage them to do whatever they want. You gotta pay.”

If the war in Ukraine does not end before the U.S. presidential election and if Trump wins the election, then immediately after the election, back in November of this year, Trump, meeting with European leaders, will again remind them of their obligations to comply with NATO’s 2% of GDP requirement for defence. And he will remind them in a more radical form than he did in 2018 – the war in Ukraine will greatly intensify Trump’s rhetoric.

Thus, after Stoltenberg’s statement and Trump’s expected ultimatum claims in the future, European NATO countries find themselves between a hammer and anvil – the war in Ukraine on the one hand, and Trump’s demands to significantly increase defence spending and his desire to end the war in the shortest possible time by political means on the other. Are the European NATO countries ready to increase their defence spending by 30 billion euros, i.e. up to 2% of GDP, and at the same time establish a fund for military aid to Ukraine for 100 billion euros for five years? The first initiative – defence spending, will find support from Trump, and the second – regarding military aid to Ukraine too, if we are talking about the postwar aid to strengthen the security of Ukraine.

This is a difficult situation for NATO, especially its European members. It is difficult in geopolitical, security and financial contexts. How do you get out of the position between the hammer and the anvil? Perhaps the way out of this situation is to end the political war in Ukraine before the U.S. presidential elections while increasing defence spending by European countries to 2% of GDP and allocating 100 billion Euros as a fund for military aid to Ukraine.

This can be used by Ukraine to improve its defence capabilities, which is a kind of post-war Security Guarantee for Ukraine, a tool to deter any further aggression of Russia, i.e. the formation of security contours in post-war Europe. This would be a strong decision by NATO, which is responsible for European security. European leaders are limited in time for manoeuvring by November 2024; therefore, the major decisions mentioned above should be made beforehand.

India’s Military Spending vs. Pakistan’s Defense Budget

By
Saba Kiran
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India and Pakistan, two neighboring nations with a long history of conflict and rivalry, are once again at a crossroads that could significantly impact their defense policies.

India and Pakistan, two neighboring nations with a long history of conflict and rivalry, are once again at a crossroads that could significantly impact their defense policies. Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who has formed a 71-member cabinet without a single Muslim representative, has raised concerns about the treatment of India’s Muslim population and the potential for escalating tensions within the country. This exclusion of Muslims from the cabinet has stirred apprehensions, particularly given the recent reports suggesting that Modi’s administration might not prioritize the welfare of Indian Muslims. Additionally, some officials from Modi’s party have expressed ambitions to integrate Pakistan-administered Kashmir into India within a short time frame during their third term, further intensifying fears of a possible conflict with Pakistan.

Recent violent incidents against Hindu pilgrims in Jammu have exacerbated the situation. Multiple deaths resulted from attacks on buses carrying Hindu pilgrims, with four such incidents reported recently. Farooq Abdullah, a senior political figure, has suggested initiating dialogue with Pakistan to address these issues. However, sources indicate that the probability of war remains substantial. In the current era, warfare necessitates advanced technology and equipment, including state-of-the-art fighter planes and sophisticated missile systems. These modern requirements underscore the importance of a substantial defense budget, which is why India’s military expenditure exceeds $75 billion.

According to the Global Firepower Index, India ranks as the fourth most powerful military globally, reflecting its significant investment in defense.

In stark contrast, Pakistan’s defense budget has seen a decline over the past five years. In the fiscal year 2019, Pakistan’s defense budget was reduced by over $3 billion to bolster national economic growth. The fiscal year 2022-23 saw Pakistan’s total national budget set at Rs 9.5 trillion, with Rs 1.5 trillion ($7.1 billion) allocated to defense, representing 15.7% of the total budget. For the fiscal year 2023-24, the national budget increased to Rs 14.4 trillion, while the defense budget was fixed at Rs 1.8 trillion ($6.3 billion), just 12.5% of the total budget. This allocation marks the lowest percentage for defense in Pakistan’s history, despite a 53.6% increase in the overall national budget from the previous year.

The disparity between India’s $75 billion defense budget and Pakistan’s $6.6 billion defense budget is stark, particularly given the looming threat of conflict. Despite these limited resources, Pakistan’s military remains a formidable force, ranking ninth in the Global Firepower Index. Several factors, such as GDP, population, military strength, and purchasing power, contribute to a nation’s warfighting capability. In Pakistan’s case, 90% of the defense budget is allocated to compulsory payments, with the military generating additional funds for welfare purposes, including support for martyrs’ families and youth. This includes contributions from organizations like the Army Foundation.

The steady decline of Pakistan’s defense budget since the 1980s is evident, reaching a historic low of 1.7% of GDP in FY 2023-24. This trend signals a critical need for reassessment. Pakistan’s armed forces face significant challenges with limited resources, encompassing border security, anti-terrorist operations, and internal and external security threats.

Budgetary cuts have impacted basic provisions, with reports indicating reduced allowances for soldiers, such as the merger of two eggs into one for breakfast. This illustrates the extent to which the military has had to economize.

Addressing widespread misconceptions about defense spending is crucial. Contrary to popular belief, Pakistan does not spend an exorbitant percentage of its budget on defense. The total budget stands at a little over Rs 18 trillion, with Rs 9 trillion allocated for interest payments alone this year. The audit system in Pakistan is fraught with inefficiencies, contributing to pervasive corruption across various sectors. It is crucial for the country to conduct a thorough audit of its external debt, amounting to $126 billion, and a significant portion of its internal debt, to understand where these funds are being utilized.

Finally, it is essential for speakers discussing the defense budget to rely on verified facts and accurate information. Misinformation can undermine credibility and hinder informed decision-making. As the geopolitical landscape evolves, both India and Pakistan must navigate their defense strategies with transparency and prudence to ensure national security and stability. Given the current fiscal constraints and the looming threat of conflict, Pakistan must reassess its defense spending priorities to balance economic growth with national security needs. This will require a concerted effort to address inefficiencies, reduce corruption, and ensure that the military is adequately funded to meet the diverse challenges it faces. Only through such measures can both nations hope to maintain stability and avoid the dire consequences of armed conflict.

Pakistan’s Path to $100 Billion Exports

By
Naila Ahmed
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The recent announcement of a 20-member delegation from Pakistan visiting China has prompted a renewed focus on the future of Pakistan’s export strategy.

The recent announcement of a 20-member delegation from Pakistan visiting China has prompted a renewed focus on the future of Pakistan’s export strategy. This delegation, comprising representatives from various sectors of Pakistan’s industry, aims to learn from China’s remarkable economic development and engage in consultative talks with the Chinese government to boost Pakistan’s exports. The initiative is a step in the right direction, but a comprehensive and strategic overhaul is essential for Pakistan to achieve its ambitious export goals.

Pakistan’s current exports are less than 30 billion dollars, a figure that needs a strategic overhaul to reach the ambitious target of 100 billion dollars. The existing strategy reflects a heavy reliance on the low-income textile industry, which constitutes 60% of our exports. The lack of high-tech, high-income exports is a significant weakness that hampers prosperity and social development. To achieve rapid and sustainable socio-economic development, the focus must shift towards manufacturing and exporting high-technology products.

In this context, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) can be a game-changer. Our government must convince the Chinese government, particularly President Xi Jinping, to facilitate the transfer of technology in major industries such as motor vehicles, electronics, pharmaceuticals, aircraft, and information technology. This transfer would enable mutual business and significantly enhance our export capabilities.

The strategic collaboration through CPEC can catalyze the growth of Pakistan’s high-tech sectors, setting a foundation for long-term economic development.

The following suggestions to foster a high-tech export strategy such as establish a committee focused on the manufacture and export of high-value, high-tech products through joint ventures between Chinese and Pakistani industrialists. These ventures should be exclusively for the export of finished products and target sectors such as solid materials for electric vehicles, solid-state batteries, vaccines, biosimilars, engineering equipment, aircraft, automobiles, composite materials, nanotechnology products, defense equipment, information technology, mineral processing, industrial biotechnology equipment, submarines, and bullet trains. By focusing on these high-tech sectors, Pakistan can diversify its export portfolio and move away from its over-reliance on the textile industry.

To attract Chinese manufacturers, Pakistan must offer compelling incentives. These should include a twenty-year tax exemption, which would provide a significant financial incentive for Chinese companies to invest in Pakistan. Additionally, training programs should be established to train 10,000 young Pakistani students in Chinese engineering and other universities for at least three years to meet the manpower requirements of new industries. This would ensure that Pakistan has a skilled workforce ready to support high-tech industries. Moreover, comprehensive insurance should be provided, with government guarantees covering disruptions due to law and order situations. This would mitigate the perceived risks of investing in Pakistan.

Offer free land for business and cover 50% of the construction costs for buildings required for joint ventures. This would reduce the initial capital expenditure for Chinese companies, making Pakistan a more attractive destination for investment. Furthermore, providing electricity and gas at rates 75% lower than the existing rates for new industries in partnership with China would further enhance the cost-competitiveness of these ventures.

Emphasize that the One Belt One Road initiative, with a special focus on CPEC, can transform Pakistan. Chinese and Pakistani industries should invest in joint ventures while academic institutions from both countries should collaborate on skill development to ensure a highly skilled workforce for high-tech industries.

The integration of educational institutions in this initiative would foster innovation and research, driving the development of high-tech products.

Despite the initial enthusiasm for these suggestions, the Pakistani government has yet to capitalize on this golden opportunity. However, it is not too late. If the Prime Minister and Army Chief push the proposal at the highest level, this initiative can still be revived. High-level political support and commitment are crucial to overcoming bureaucratic inertia and ensuring the successful implementation of this strategy.

In today’s global economy, high-tech exports are critical for economic growth, national competitiveness, and job creation. Countries that excel in producing and exporting high-tech products benefit from increased productivity, innovation, and higher standards of living. For Pakistan, increasing high-tech exports requires a comprehensive strategy that fosters a strong research and development (R&D) ecosystem and creates an enabling business environment.

Achieving the goal of increasing high-tech exports is complex but attainable. A systematic approach that addresses both R&D and business environment factors is essential. Emulating countries like South Korea, Taiwan, China, Finland, and Singapore, which have achieved rapid growth through high-tech exports, Pakistan can transition to a technology-driven, knowledge-based economy. This transition will lead to economic development, prosperity, and a higher standard of living for our people. The delegation’s mission to China is a crucial first step, but sustained effort, visionary leadership, and strategic collaboration are essential to realizing Pakistan’s high-tech export potential.

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