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What Is The Future Of The Media In The Age Of AI?

By
Mehr F Husain
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The Reuters Institute for the Study Of Journalism recently released its Digital News Report which focused on the current environment within which publishers are operating and how they are connecting with readers.

The report analysed the impact of artificial intelligence and it could potentially alter the way information is shared, consumed and created.

Broadly speaking, the research shows that social media platforms such as Facebook and X are slowly but surely moving away from traditional news-related content especially when it comes to referrals back to publishers. As text consumption decreases, there is the rise of visual content in the form of varying-length videos that are watched on YouTube, TikTok and Instagram.

The report will come as a revelation, especially with the realisation that the democratisation of the internet has shaped how content is created as the perception of creating content for like-minded individuals and friends has changed to creating content for anyone and everyone. The opening up of a global audience is giving rise to a glaring need to rethink how engagement in the digital realm is to take place and how publishers can stay relevant.

Key takeaways:

  1. There is a media funding crisis. Rising costs, falling revenues and decreasing flow of traffic (to the website and social media platforms) have resulted in media entities shutting down, downsizing and cutting costs. The worrisome part is all of this has exposed the media to government and business entities both of which are influencing media ideologies and what constitutes content.
  2. There is a massive chasm between what consumers want and what publishers are providing. This is where we are seeing the rise of ‘individual journalism’ where more and more people are taking to the digital realm to create their ‘own’ news. This means that as consumers watch individualistic takes, media entities result in becoming irrelevant or weaken as traffic falls.
  3. Video content is rising. YouTube is used by almost a 1/3 of the global sample (6 continents, 47 markets) and TikTok users outdo X (formerly known as Twitter). This does not mean text is irrelevant but that video is increasingly being consumed.
  4. The rise of video is due to 3 major reasons:
    • If you can see it, you can believe it. Videos by individuals who are not necessarily associated with a media entity are believed more as they are seen as being unedited and free from any bias.
    • Easy to consume. Videos are convenient in terms of being delivered especially on platforms that you follow or are subscribed to.
    • The varied perspectives. People are tired of the same old faces, the usual TV show hosts, authors, and columnists. This is also fuelled by a deep mistrust of what is seen as ‘liberal’ agendas which is giving rise to more right-wing perspectives.
  1. Publishers are caught in between technological and behaviour changes which means Meta and Google are also facing challenges in a realm where AI is shaping the news ecosystem.
  2. With advertising revenues on the decline, it appears only a minority (17% of the global sample) are willing to pay for news and the majority (57%) would not consider paying anything.
  3. The rise of alternative voices is prevalent on sites such as TikTok and Instagram whereas mainstream media and popular journalists are more likely to use Facebook and X but still face stiff competition. There is however a difference emerging between journalists and online personalities.
  4. There is a difference between staying informed (which is when people want the news to provide facts) and learning (where people want to be educated or updated). While the need to remain informed is there, clearly it is no longer enough as people want an explanation of the information being put out as well as an analysis.
  5. While there is a sense of wariness when it comes to AI, there seems to be some level of acceptance in terms of experiences using news and access to information. There is resistance to the use of AI concerning public-facing content and sensitive information. There is an overall consensus that human beings should be present and complete automation is off limits.
  6. Due to low trust in the media, publishers will need to be extremely careful how AI is used to avoid losing trust on the part of the consumer completely. It is clear that when emotion, judgment and connection is needed, AI will not be accepted and a human being will have to be at the front and centre.

Are we actually witnessing “The End of History?’’

By
Maidah Tariq
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The famous essay of American political scientist Francis Fukuyama, ‘‘The End of History and the Last Man (1992),’’ signalled the endpoint of mankind’s ideological evolution. Fukuyama argued that with the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, liberal democracy-characterized by free markets, individual rights, rule of law, and democratic values-ultimately emerged as the universal form of government. However, the idea has been subjected to widespread debate due to the resurgence of competing ideologies which questions the validity of this thesis.

For instance, China, an authoritarian state, is promoting an alternative governance model. China has positioned itself as an economic superpower, a global mediator, and a tech giant which enhances its soft power. The countries are profoundly inclined towards China due to economic benefits and geopolitical influence which challenges the principles of liberal democracy.

As an economic giant, China has employed a multifaceted approach to infrastructure development in various states such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

It is a global development project which aims to foster tremendous economic growth by establishing trade links within Asia, Europe, and Africa. As a result, the countries are hurtling towards it due to significant economic incentives. Unlike the US, China does not set the pre-conditions for establishing diplomatic relations with states.

China views Iran as a crucial partner for energy security and is importing oil from Iran despite international sanctions. Similarly, China is a diplomatic ally and the largest economic partner of North Korea as both are investing in various infrastructure projects. Contrarily, the US has sanctioned Iran and North Korea and claims that both states should dismantle their nuclear programs for the normalization of their diplomatic relations.

China’s role as a mediator in global conflicts can be justified through its efforts to normalize tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran in 2023. On the other hand, the Abraham Accords brokered by the US lost its significance as it failed to address the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, drawing criticism and limited support. Moreover, US support for Israel in the ongoing Israel-Hamas conflict and China’s advocacy for a peaceful resolution of conflict further highlights China’s stance to resolve international conflicts through dialogue and negotiation. In the recent Middle East peace conference, China’s premier Xi Jinping aims to reduce tensions and promote peace between Israel and Palestine through a two-state solution.

Consequently, China’s exertions to establish peace in the Middle East region augment its diplomatic clout and challenge Western influence in the region.

Since technology is advancing at such a fast pace, especially with the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) in China, it can be stated that China has now become a technological giant. In most sectors, technological innovation is carried out by companies that are referred to as BATX which includes Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent, and Xiaomi. It is a contender to the typically observed Information technology (IT) giants FAANGs which are Facebook, Amazon, Apple, Netflix, and Google. Whether in e-commerce and social media or the field of artificial intelligence and financial service industries, these companies have played a key role in shaping the Chinese digital economy. The competition between FAANGs and BATX thus lies not only in the economic domain but also raises fundamental questions regarding information control, technological dominance, and national security. Due to this, the US fears that some of these internet companies may be involved in espionage for the Chinese state and this has resulted in the US placing sanctions on Chinese technological products. The tech war reflects the intense rivalry between both states, which is recasting the world in ways that Fukuyama did not foresee.

The growing economic prowess of China under an authoritarian model presents formidable challenges to the concept of liberal democracy as the endpoint of human ideological evolution. Through economic initiatives like BRI, China is reorienting the international economic order by fostering the notion that alternative governance models can coexist and compete with West-led liberal democratic principles. Thus, the debate over Fukuyama’s thesis continues to evolve in response to the ongoing strategic and economic developments in the world.

Resolution 901 – Political Crypsis and Operation Goldsmith 2.0 Against Pakistan

By
Asma Khan Durrani
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“Nemo me impune lacessit” – “No one attacks me with impunity.”

The introduction of Resolution 901 by Republican Senator Richard McCormick on November 30, 2023, followed by its referral to the US Committee on Foreign Affairs on March 21, 2024, and its tabulation in the House on June 24, 2024, is nothing short of a strategic maneuver aimed at undermining Pakistan’s sovereignty and progress. Elements within the US government are employing all sorts of tactics to undercut Pakistan with this semiotic war being waged against Pakistan in this age of media and propaganda. This resolution, cloaked in the guise of supporting democracy and human rights, is a deliberate attempt to distort the truth about Pakistan’s robust democratic framework and human rights record. It seems as if the US Beltway community knows when to concoct schemes to hinder Pakistan’s progress.

“Qui bono?” — “Who benefits?” — is the question we must ask when examining the true motives behind this resolution. The timing and content of Resolution 901 reveal its true agenda: to politicize Pakistan’s internal issues.

Resolution 901’s concerns about democracy and human rights is replete with not only unsubstantiated claims but also disconnected from the realities on the ground. Pakistan, a nation of 240 million, successfully conducted general elections on February 8, 2024. These elections led to a political government operating efficiently and in the true spirit of democracy. The resolution’s baseless allegations are a blatant attempt to cast aspersions on Pakistan’s democratic institutions, undermining the significant strides ensuing in Pakistan.

Contrary to the misleading narrative presented in Resolution 901, Pakistan’s human rights situation is far superior to many neighboring countries and even some developed nations. The government, with the full support of the armed forces and other state institutions, is committed to creating a secure environment for both domestic and foreign investors. The recent military initiative, “Operation Resolute Stability,” aka “Operation Azm-i-Istehkam” exemplifies dedication to maintaining peace and security within borders.

Fifth columnists are cavorting to their western masters with their entrenched interests. To “poison all the wells” so that if they cannot have the run of the place then no one can.

Resolution 901 fails to acknowledge the significant economic progress Pakistan has achieved. Through stringent economic measures, the government has effectively curtailed the illegal flow of dollars, smuggling, and cartel monopolies. These efforts have led to improved crop production, a decline in inflation, and a historic rise in Pakistan’s stock exchange, which crossed 78,000 points for the first time.

Leading economic platforms like Bloomberg have recognized Pakistan’s economic resurgence. With a 27 percent stock rally leading Asia and an additional 10 percent growth expected by year-end, Pakistan’s economic indicators are on a healthy upward trajectory. The Special Investment Facilitation Council (SIFC) has proven to be a successful initiative, fostering a favorable environment for foreign direct investment (FDI) and yielding tangible benefits within its first year.

Platforms like Bloomberg have recognized Pakistan’s economic resurgence. With a 27 percent stock rally leading Asia and an additional 10 percent growth. 

Resolution 901 appears to be a component of what can only be described as “Operation Goldsmith 2.0” – a systematic smear campaign targeting Pakistan and its armed forces. This operation seeks to distort facts and spread unfounded doubts about Pakistan’s performance in democracy and human rights. It is no coincidence that such resolutions surface whenever Pakistan begins to stabilize and progress.

This deliberate campaign, employing tactics of crypsis — the art of disguise — aims to create instability in Pakistan at a time when our security situation is improving, the anti-Pakistan forces, supported by Zionist and capitalist elements, are threatened by the progress and work tirelessly to undermine it. These forces support and finance certain political dissidents within Pakistan, portraying them as victims to gain international sympathy and weaken Pakistan’s resolve.

This resolution is a strategic move to gain political leverage for the ex-chairman of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), who, in a display of staggering hypocrisy, first accused the United States of orchestrating his ouster and regime change, is now lobbying for resolution from the same country, this blatant contradiction undermines his credibility.

“Qui bono?” — “Who benefits?” — is the question we must ask when examining the true motives behind this resolution. The timing and content of Resolution 901 reveal its true agenda: to politicize Pakistan’s internal issues on a global stage under the guise of freedom of speech and human rights. This resolution is nothing more than a strategic move to gain political leverage for the ex-chairman of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), who, alongside the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), stands in opposition to the security operations essential for Pakistan’s stability, rendering nothing other than as fifth columnists cavorting to their western masters with their entrenched interests. This can be most aptly described with an analogy such as “poison all the wells” that if they cannot have the run of the place then no one can.

This resolution is nothing more than a strategic move to gain political leverage for the ex-chairman of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), who, in a display of staggering hypocrisy, first accused the United States of orchestrating his ouster and regime change. The ex-chairman vehemently blamed the US for meddling in Pakistan’s internal affairs, stirring public sentiment against foreign intervention. However, in a perplexing turn of events, the same individual who decried American interference is now lobbying for this very resolution from the country he accused of undermining his government. This blatant contradiction not only undermines his credibility but also exposes the political machinations at play. By leveraging US Congressional support, he aims to destabilize the current government under the guise of championing democracy and human rights, despite his prior claims of US culpability. This duplicitous behavior underscores a calculated effort to manipulate international narratives to his advantage, revealing the resolution as a tool for political maneuvering rather than a genuine concern for Pakistan’s democratic and human rights landscape.

The Special Investment Facilitation Council (SIFC) has proven to be a successful initiative, fostering a favorable environment for foreign direct investment (FDI) and yielding tangible benefits within its first year.

Rather than genuinely supporting democracy and human rights, Resolution 901 seeks to jeopardize Pakistan’s development. It aims to discredit the significant economic recovery achieved with the support of armed forces and the resilience of the people. This is a politically motivated attempt to weaken Pakistan at a time when we are on the cusp of becoming stable.

Despite these challenges, Pakistan remains steadfast in its commitment to democracy, human rights, and economic development. The cooperation between our civil and military leadership, coupled with the unwavering spirit of people, positions Pakistan for a promising future. While the path to economic stability and development is fraught with challenges, determination and strategic vision promise a bright future for Pakistan.

Resolution 901 is an unwise and politically charged document that fails to reflect the realities of Pakistan’s progress and potential. As a sovereign nation, Pakistan continues to strive for democratic excellence, uphold human rights, and pursue economic prosperity, undeterred by baseless external criticisms. We urge the international community to see through the falsehoods of this resolution and recognize Pakistan’s genuine efforts towards building a stable and prosperous future.

This resolution is not an act of support but a smokescreen for political intrigue designed to destabilize Pakistan, such tactics will not deter Pakistan, and will continue to march forward with resilience and determination.

The Key to Progress and Prosperity

By
M Luqman Butt
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Domestic stability is critical to advancing the development of Pakistan, this has been echoed by the head of the CPC’s international department

Domestic stability is critical to advancing the development of Pakistan, this has been echoed by the head of the CPC’s international department, Liu Jianchao during his recent visit to Pakistan. This visit came in the wake of the recent visit of Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif to China during which key decisions of mutual pertaining to development were agreed. Liu Jianchao’s visit is to prepare the ground for the implementation of these decisions; this is why internal stability plays such an important role.

Liu Jianchao is a diplomat and he also plays a major role in the CPC which is the ruling political party of China. It is the internal stability that he highlighted as essential for Pakistan to overcome all the current problems and step into a new model for its development during the third meeting of the China-Pakistan consultative mechanism on the CPEC. He stressed the problem of enhancing the security situation to attract investment and noted the necessity of the political institutions’ and parties’ adaptability.

Liu’s comments encapsulate the following paradigm that nothing can developmental or economic progress in Pakistan unless stability is attained within the country.

The Pakistani government has introduced the concept of the “Five Es” to focus on five critical areas that can help achieve common goals for the people of both countries. This initiative represents a significant opportunity for collaborative efforts. Liu emphasized that party-to-party contacts are an essential component of bilateral relations. By understanding each other’s development philosophies, political parties in both countries can play a crucial role in turning strategic blueprints into reality. This approach fosters mutual respect and a deeper understanding, facilitating smoother cooperation and implementation of joint initiatives.

One of the notable announcements made by Liu Jianchao was the provision of scholarships and vocational training for Pakistani youth by the International Department of the Communist Party of China (IDCPC). This initiative is expected to cultivate a skilled workforce, which is essential for the successful execution of CPEC projects.

Investing in education and vocational training aligns with the broader goal of sustainable development and economic empowerment, ensuring that the youth are well-prepared to contribute to and benefit from these projects.

The meeting saw an unprecedented consensus among all political parties in Pakistan, including Tehreek-e-Insaf and other opposition factions. This unity reflects a collective commitment to strengthening bilateral relations and countering any adversarial intentions against China-Pakistan cooperation. The presence of key political figures such as Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar, Chairman Senate Yousuf Raza Gilani, Speaker National Assembly Sardar Ayaz Sadiq, Minister for Planning and Development Ahsan Iqbal, Tehreek-e-Insaf Senator Syed Ali Zafar, Maulana Fazlur Rehman of JUI (F), MQM’s Khalid Maqbool Siddiqui, People’s Party’s Hina Rabbani Khar, Stability Pakistan Party’s Manza Hassan, National Party’s Senator John Muhammad, and senior politician Afrasiab Khattak highlighted the significance of this meeting.

Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar expressed optimism about the second phase of CPEC, believing it will further solidify the Pak-China friendship. Maulana Fazlur Rehman highlighted the national consensus on CPEC, affirming that Pakistan-China relations transcend political differences. Senator Ali Zafar from Tehreek-e-Insaf emphasized the urgency of accelerating project timelines, reflecting the collective commitment to the timely completion of CPEC projects.

Deputy Prime Minister Ishaq Dar, in his opening remarks, highlighted the significant employment opportunities created by CPEC, underscoring the tangible benefits already realized. The consensus demonstrated at the meeting on sustainable and enduring Pakistan-China relations is essential for securing Pakistan’s future.

This unified stance among political leaders underscores the importance of internal stability for continued development and prosperity.

Liu Jianchao’s assertion that internal stability is the cornerstone of Pakistan’s development is a critical observation. Without a stable internal environment, attracting investment and fostering economic growth remains a formidable challenge. It is imperative for Pakistan’s political leadership and state institutions to work towards national reconciliation and embrace peaceful dialogue to resolve differences. This approach will create a conducive environment for development, encouraging both domestic and foreign investments.

The path to prosperity lies in maintaining internal stability, which will pave the way for the successful implementation of strategic initiatives like CPEC. By ensuring a secure and stable environment, Pakistan can unlock its full potential and achieve the shared goals set forth in its partnership with China. The collaborative efforts between the two nations, rooted in mutual respect and understanding, are poised to bring about significant changes, fostering development and economic growth.

Finally, the recent diplomatic engagements between Pakistan and China underscore the critical importance of internal stability for development. Liu Jianchao’s visit and the consensus among Pakistani political parties highlight a unified commitment to this goal. By focusing on internal stability, improving security, and fostering political flexibility, Pakistan can attract investment and achieve sustainable growth. The collaboration between Pakistan and China, especially through initiatives like CPEC, represents a promising pathway to prosperity, provided internal stability is maintained. This strategic partnership, rooted in shared goals and mutual respect, is essential for the future development of both nations.

The Triple Threat of DLDD For Pakistan

By
Safia Mansoor
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The ominous spectre of Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought (DLDD) has been widely prevalent in the world, acting as an ecological predicament which jeopardizes life, livelihood, and sustainable development. DLDD comprises three interlinked threats: Desertification ― land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and sub-humid regions primarily caused by anthropogenic activities and climate change; Land Degradation ― chronic loss or decline in ecological integrity and biological productivity of lands due to human-induced processes; and Drought ― protracted deficiency of precipitation leading to a hydrological imbalance that affects land resource productions. Collectively, the triple threat of DLDD not only endangers environmental sustainability but also brings socio-economic instability.

For Pakistan, the ever-enhancing menace of DLDD has risen to prominence owing to horrendous impact of climate change.

Lands are quintessential for the survivability of humanity; however, the poisonous concoction of climate chaos, biodiversity devastation, and widespread pollution also termed as ‘Triple Planetary Crisis’ are metamorphosing vibrant lands into barren deserts, analogous to dead zones. With the grasslands and forests being brutally annihilated, the lands are unable to thrive in ecosystems, produce agriculture, and support communities.

With vulnerable poor populations hit hardest due to vanishing resources, failing crops, and crunching economies plunging sustainable development into the abyss, the world is trapped into a vicious cycle, whereby land use is the source of 11% of Carbon dioxide emissions, which in turn begets global warming.

United Nations Policy Brief issued in June 2023 on ‘Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought’ documents that drylands of the world comprising half of the planet’s land and home to three billion people residing in almost 169 states are periled from DLDD. These drylands are a source of food, fuel, and burning materials, coupled with various ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, and water filtration and retention. Most importantly, they hold 50% of biodiversity and livestock, and nearly 44% of croplands of the world.

Anthropogenic activities in the 21st century have been accelerating the phenomenon of desertification by 30-35% in comparison to the past.  Statistical analysis from the same policy brief implies that the world lost 100 million hectares of productive land per annum between 2015 and 2019, and it is projected that more than one million hectares of fertile land will undergo degradation by 2030 if desertification and land degradation remain unabated. Moreover, the daunting challenge remains projected 95% of the planet’s land degradation by 2050 if remedial steps are not taken.

DLDD in Pakistan is often driven by the amalgamation of political, social, and economic forces wherein most notable factors include intensive agricultural practices, unsustainable consumption, extractive industries entailing forestry, mining, oil and gas, and population explosion. In present times, it has been colossally exacerbated by climate change. Alteration in precipitation cycles induced by climate change, also termed as ‘Precipitation Whiplash’ is causing prolonged and intense rainfall events on one hand and severe periods of droughts on the other.

DLDD substantially decreases the access to water for drinking and agricultural practices, augmenting the risks of food insecurity, water crisis, and conflict.

It doesn’t merely challenge the enjoyment of various human rights such as the right to life, food, health, adequate livelihood, and sustainable environment, nay deepens the global inequalities by impacting the vulnerable poorest people mostly living in dryland areas.

As far as Pakistan is concerned, it is primarily a dryland country wherein the overall landscape constitutes 80 % of arid or semi-arid land, enabling the livelihoods of nearly two-thirds of the population. Withal, accelerated land degradation and desertification chiefly originating from human activities is incessantly vanishing this vital resource. The country is jeopardized by desertification that has been causing environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity and soil fertility, and diminishment in land productivity, which is compounding the vulnerability of the fragile local populace.

With the average increase in Pakistan’s temperature of 0.9 degrees centigrade during 1980—2021, shrinking the Indus Delta by 92%, reducing per capita water availability from 5060 cubic metres to 908 cubic metres during 1951-2022, the predicament of the arid country has magnified. 62 million hectares out of a total of 79.6 million hectares of land of in Pakistan is prone to desertification, notably in South Punjab, Baluchistan, and Sindh. Moreover, the United Nations 2022 ‘Global Land Outlook’ report has listed Pakistan in 23 drought-stricken countries. The co-occurring environmental stressors ─ longer heat waves and severe water scarcity ─ for crop production have been accentuating food insecurity in the country.

They are also causing biodiversity loss by affecting allied species and soil biota. As per the World Bank report, Environmental Degradation in Pakistan annually incurs a mammoth loss of Rs 365 billion equivalent to 6% of its GDP.  The same report attributes 20 % of environmental damage cost to decreased agricultural productivity consequent of soil degradation; 30% cost to waterborne diseases due to poor hygiene and water pollution; and the remaining 50% to premature mortality and illness due to air pollution.

Pakistan must deliver on its SDGs commitments for the restoration of lands and degraded ecosystems.

Harnessing a new national climate action plan, and scaling-up finance for climate adaptation and resilience is indispensable for land restoration by 2030. Through the incorporation of effective agricultural practices and integrated water resources management, alongside community empowerment, the country can curb desertification and bolster drought resilience to ensure sustainable development.

In this regard, increasing water efficiency, furthering soil conservation, and adopting drought-resilience technologies, can restore vital landscapes, Pakistan’s first-ever National Adaptation Plan (NAP) adopted in June 2023 which envisages climate-resilient country is a leap forward in this direction. Efficacious-cum-swift action is essential for healthy lands, sustainable development, and the survival of humanity.

Another Crescent: Iran’s Brewing Influence in the Sahel Region

By
Zubair Mumtaz
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Iran’s influence in the Sahel region is a complex and multifaceted issue that will continue to evolve in the coming years. Iran’s influence in the Sahel region is expanding due to a combination of political, economic, and military strategies. The Sahel region, which encompasses 11 countries in West and North-Central Africa, faces significant challenges such as population growth, poverty, climate change, and violent insurgencies. To address these issues, local governments are seeking foreign assistance.

While the Iranian opponent, the United States, and Israel, remain fixed on the potential dangers emanating from the Iranian-dominated Shia crescent spanning from Lebanon to Yemen, Tehran is discreetly establishing the foundation for a second Iranian crescent that will soon present a significant peril to the U.S. interests in the Sahel region. However, within Africa’s strategically important Sahel region, Iran is capitalizing on the vulnerabilities of Western powers to enhance its economic and military sway further, gain access to vital resources, destabilize moderate governments, and subvert the process of Israeli-Arab normalization. Moreover, Iran has several objectives in the Sahel region. Firstly, it aims to enhance its international legitimacy and gain an advantage in its rivalry with Saudi Arabia and the West.

Iran seeks to spread its Shi’ite ideology and increase markets for its commercial exports.

The Sahel region is home to significant Shi’a communities, particularly in Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, northern Nigeria, and Senegal. These communities are often considered a minority among the predominantly Sunni population, and their economic and political connections are influenced by their relations with Iran and other regional powers.

Iran maintains bilateral diplomatic relations with Sahel countries and has engaged in numerous high-level visits and agreements on cooperation in various fields, including counterterrorism, economic development, and education. Economically, Iran aims to access the region’s natural resources, such as gold, uranium, and other valuable minerals, to support its economic needs. It also seeks to provide economic assistance to Sahel countries, including infrastructure projects, to increase its influence.

Furthermore, the recent wave of coups in the Sahel region presents Iran with opportunities to advance its anti-Western agenda. As local populations grow weary of French and other Western neo-colonialism, Iran can capitalize on this shift in regional dynamics. This could lead to a new economic battleground between Iran and Western powers in the Sahel region. Turkey, Iran, and Morocco are competing for a larger economic and military presence in the Sahel, with Turkey selling advanced combat drones and developing a trans-Saharan corridor from the Gulf of Guinea to Algeria.

Historical Context

Iran’s engagement in the Sahel region has a historical background that can be traced back to the early 1980s, following the 1979 Islamic Revolution. Before this period, Iran was aligned with the United States and its allies during the Cold War. However, after the revolution, Iran embarked on a mission to spread radical Shi’ite theological teachings in West Africa/Sahel through various means such as cultural, diplomatic, and media initiatives. This endeavour faced opposition from countries and groups in the region led by Saudi Arabia, which supported its interests.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Iran maintained bilateral diplomatic relations with Sahel countries, which involved frequent visits by Iranian leaders to the region and reciprocal visits by Sahelian leaders to Tehran. This period marked a continuation of Iran’s efforts to establish and strengthen its presence in the Sahel. In the 2000s, Iran’s involvement in the Sahel region intensified, with a particular focus on countering terrorism and extremism. Additionally, Iran sought to promote economic ties in various sectors as part of its engagement strategy.

In the 2010s, Iran’s diplomatic outreach to the Sahel region persisted, characterized by high-level visits and agreements on cooperation in multiple fields.

These areas of cooperation included counterterrorism, economic development, and education, reflecting Iran’s multifaceted approach to expanding its influence in the region.

In the 2020s, Iran capitalized on the growing divide between post-coup leaders in the Sahel and Western countries, notably the United States and France. This rift allowed Iran to expand its influence in the region further. By leveraging the strained relations between the Sahelian leaders and their Western counterparts, Iran aimed to strengthen its position and extend its reach in the Sahel.

Shi’a Communities in the Sahel Region

The perception of Iran’s influence among local Shi’a communities in the Sahel region varies. While some view Iran as a defender of their interests and a promoter of their religious beliefs, others approach its involvement with caution. Those who support Iran’s presence believe that it helps counterbalance the influence of Sunni extremist groups and Western powers, particularly due to historical ties with Lebanon. Additionally, they appreciate Iran’s efforts to spread Shi’a theological teachings and cultural practices, as it strengthens their religious identity and fosters connections with other Shi’a communities worldwide.

However, local Shi’a business communities, concerned about potential damage to their economic and political connections with Sunni commercial interests and pro-Western entities, tend to maintain a low profile in political activities supporting Iran. Moreover, the appeal of extremist Sunni groups in the region, such as al-Qaida and the Islamic State, may make some local Shi’a communities less receptive to Iran’s radicalizing influence, as their primary focus is countering the threat posed by these groups. Furthermore, the need to maintain good relations with predominantly Sunni governments, which may be wary of Iranian influence, also contributes to the cautious approach of local Shi’a communities towards Iran.

Iran’s Soft Power Strategies

Iran’s soft power strategies in the Sahel region encompass a diverse range of approaches, including educational, cultural, and charitable initiatives. These multifaceted efforts are carefully crafted to advance the ideological and political objectives of the Islamic Republic, bolster its international standing, and extend its influence within the region.

One significant aspect of Iran’s soft power strategy involves the expansion of its renowned Islamic Azad University beyond its national borders, with a particular focus on the Sahel region. This strategic move is crucial to Iran’s sophisticated approach to promoting its ideological and political goals. In line with this strategy, Iran has proposed establishing branches of the Islamic Azad University in prominent cities of Syria and Iraq, including Damascus, Karbala, Najaf, Baghdad, Basra, and Erbil.

Iran aims to solidify its presence and influence in these key locations, furthering its regional objectives.

Another key element of Iran’s soft power strategies is the promotion of Shi’ite Islam, especially in areas with significant Shi’a populations. This entails providing support to local Shi’a communities and disseminating Shi’ite theological teachings. By actively engaging in these endeavours, Iran seeks to strengthen its ties with the Sahel countries and bolster its influence among the local populace.

Moreover, cultural exchange programs are vital to Iran’s efforts to foster connections with Sahel countries. Iran endeavours to deepen its relationships with local communities through educational and cultural initiatives, thereby enhancing its regional influence. These programs serve as a platform for mutual understanding and collaboration, facilitating the spread of Iran’s cultural and ideological values.

Furthermore, Iran’s charitable organizations, such as the Red Crescent Society, actively operate in the Sahel region, providing essential humanitarian aid and disaster relief. These philanthropic endeavours contribute to the well-being of the local population, cultivate goodwill, and enhance Iran’s reputation as a benevolent actor in the international arena.

Security Implications of Iran’s Presence in the Sahel Region

Iran is taking advantage of the growing divide between post-coup leaders in the Sahel and Western nations such as the United States and France. Iran’s goal is to step in where French troops have left and aid local armed forces in defeating Sunni Muslim extremist organizations. This strategy enables Iran to push forward its anti-Western agenda and contest Western authority in the area.

Suspicions have arisen regarding Iran’s collaboration with Russia to supplant Western influence in the Sahel by offering financial backing, security collaboration, and military training. The presence of Iranian-supported factions like Hezbollah in the region raises worries about potential proxy conflicts and further unrest.

The Sahel region boasts abundant natural resources like gold, uranium, lithium, and other minerals. Iran is looking to exploit these resources to circumvent severe sanctions and strengthen its economy, potentially sparking economic rivalry with the West.

Iran’s objective is to propagate its Shi’ite beliefs in the predominantly Sunni Sahel region, backing local Shi’a communities and disseminating its religious doctrines. This move could escalate sectarian tensions and fuel radicalization, especially if it clashes with the widespread appeal of Sunni extremist groups in the area. Iran’s engagement in the Sahel could create openings for terrorist and extremist factions to establish a presence in the region, exacerbating the already delicate security situation.

In conclusion, Iran is expected to further strengthen its presence in the Sahel region by deepening economic partnerships, particularly in natural resource exploitation and infrastructure development. Additionally, Iran will persist in offering military assistance and training to Sahel nations, bolstering their defence capabilities and countering Western influence.

The Economic Situation in Pakistan

By
Syeda Aliza Jaffery
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Pakistan, a nation with a rich cultural heritage and a diverse population, has been facing severe economic challenges over the past few years.

Pakistan, a nation with a rich cultural heritage and a diverse population, has been facing severe economic challenges over the past few years. Despite its potential and abundant resources, the country’s economy has struggled to grow, hindered by a multitude of internal and external factors. This article examines the reasons behind Pakistan’s economic predicament, the implications of its dependence on the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the steps that need to be taken to steer the country toward a path of sustainable growth and stability.

One of the most glaring indicators of Pakistan’s economic distress is the contraction of its economy. Over the past two years, the total size of Pakistan’s economy has shrunk to $341 billion. In stark contrast, neighboring Bangladesh’s economy has grown to $460 billion, and India’s has reached an impressive $3,400 billion. This stark disparity highlights the extent of Pakistan’s economic challenges. The shrinking economy has had a cascading effect on employment and poverty levels. With fewer job opportunities available, approximately 100 million people are now living below the poverty line.

Industrialists lament the stifling business environment, citing expensive electricity and high interest rates as major impediments to their operations.

When a country seeks assistance from the IMF, it often signifies a loss of economic self-sufficiency. The IMF, as a lending institution, imposes strict terms to ensure the repayment of its loans. These terms typically include economic reforms and strict fiscal discipline, which, while beneficial in the long term, can be harsh on the populace in the short term. Pakistan has had to turn to the IMF repeatedly, leading to a vicious cycle of debt and economic hardship. The government’s reliance on loans has ballooned the national debt to over 64 trillion rupees. Each new loan brings with it stringent conditions that often necessitate unpopular measures like raising the prices of essential utilities such as electricity, petrol, and gas. In recent days, there has been a significant increase in the prices of gas and electricity, further burdening the already struggling population.

The economic forecast for Pakistan is grim. According to the World Bank, the inflation rate is expected to hit 26% in the current fiscal year. Moreover, the country’s growth rate is projected to be less than 3% over the next three years, with an expected growth rate of just 1.8% for the current financial year. This dismal economic performance is largely attributed to the acceptance of the IMF’s demands, which have increased inflation and stifled growth. The country is currently in a state of chaos and anarchy, which is having very negative effects on the economy. The poor are going through an extremely critical period, struggling to make ends meet as their incomes remain stagnant while expenses have soared. The worst storm of inflation has hit them hard, with prices of basic commodities like flour, rice, sugar, ghee, and oil increasing several hundred times.

The prices of essential utilities have also reached their highest levels in history, making it difficult for people to provide their children with a decent education and basic necessities.

Political instability has further exacerbated Pakistan’s economic woes. Frequent changes in leadership, corruption scandals, and a lack of long-term policy continuity have severely undermined economic planning and investor confidence. Inconsistent economic policies across different administrations have created an environment of uncertainty that is detrimental to business and investment. Inadequate infrastructure, including roads, ports, and energy supply, has hampered industrial growth and export capacity. Additionally, widespread tax evasion and a large informal economy have limited government revenues, further straining the country’s financial resources.

The economic turmoil has disproportionately affected the poor and salaried classes. The federal budget for 2024-2025, which was expected to distribute the economic burden more equitably, has instead placed the brunt of it on the common people. Additional taxes totaling 30 trillion rupees have been imposed, leading to a budget deficit of 8,500 billion rupees. Government expenditures remain exorbitant, with millions spent on official vehicles, petrol, repairs, and free utilities for government officials. This lavish spending stands in stark contrast to the everyday struggles of ordinary Pakistanis, many of whom cannot afford basic necessities.

To navigate its way out of this economic quagmire, Pakistan needs a multifaceted approach. The government must commit to long-term economic reforms that prioritize sustainable growth and development. Reducing corruption, improving infrastructure, and broadening the tax base are essential steps. Additionally, the economic burden should be distributed more fairly, ensuring that the elite also contribute their fair share.

The ruling class and elite need to bear the burden alongside the common people, breaking the cycle of imposing all economic hardships on the poorer sections of society.

Ultimately, Pakistan must strive to regain its economic sovereignty and reduce its dependency on external loans. This requires not only sound economic policies but also political stability and the rule of law. Respecting the decisions made by the people through their votes is crucial to building a more equitable and prosperous nation. Long-term policy continuity, political stability, and an environment conducive to investment and business growth are imperative for sustainable economic development.

Pakistan’s economic situation is dire, but with the right measures and a collective will, there is hope for recovery and growth. The journey will be challenging, but it is one that the nation must undertake for the sake of its future. By addressing the root causes of its economic problems and implementing comprehensive reforms, Pakistan can pave the way for a more stable and prosperous economy. The resilience and potential of its people, coupled with effective governance and strategic planning, can ultimately lead to a brighter economic future for Pakistan.

Unapologetic Animal Cruelty in Pakistan

By
Fatima Raza
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Scrolling through social media, we see a fresh case of animal abuse every now and then. We get disheartened, perhaps express our outrage, and scroll away to the next post until a new day brings us another brutal case. Despite many renowned activists working tirelessly to prevent animal cruelty or rehabilitate abused animals, the matter persists most gruesomely.

Long-standing laws like “The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act” of 1890 (which only applied to domestic animals) or the recent animal welfare reforms introduced (which are more comprehensive) are all well and good, and we have seen relatively more crackdown against animal abusers in the recent years, especially with the 1819 hotline to report cases of abuse. The efforts of Justice Minallah in 2021 on animal well-being, in his ruling on the case of Kaavan (the abused elephant), are admirable. Animal shelters in the twin cities of Lahore, Karachi and other cities are doing commendable work to protect animals. Yet, within a week, we heard two separate cases of animals having their limbs chopped off by landlords.

A camel grazing in the fields in the Sanghar district and a donkey somewhere in Hyderabad faced this brutality. Previously, we heard of a dog being thrown from the roof by a man in Liaquatabad. Such news is weekly headlines.

The more important question to ask here is not why there aren’t enough laws or crackdowns against animal abusers but why people become animal abusers. Why are most people in Pakistan sensitized to the cruelty around animals? Why do most children not know kindness when handling or playing with animals? Do we not realize that cruelty in any shape and form, expressed towards anyone or anything, remains a dark deed? If one finds in oneself the ability to impart pain, then does it matter who/what the recipient of this pain is? Children who turn a blind eye to when they snatch the fur on kittens when playing, pluck the feathers of a caged bird, or smack a pet bunny and enjoy their painful reaction are the children who grow up and turn into heartless animal abusers.

So, perhaps our society has failed to create awareness at a grassroots level from day one. Perhaps we have been wired to believe that it isn’t our duty to spread awareness and educate people when we see animals being abused. Let’s say a donkey being beaten on the roadside, a cage of sparrows caught to be released for money, a chained monkey forced to perform acts, or our neighbour’s child beating their pet cat, etc. Brutality of any sort is better prevented than punished. It is through collective action that we must reshape the definition of ethics of our people, make kinder individuals out of our children, and eradicate violent acts of all kinds from our society.

The culture of zoos and the confinement of exotic animals is a colonial trend that we must snap out of, especially since the conditions of zoos in Pakistan, a country always on the verge of economic ruin, are deplorable. Licenses to acquire exotic pets should be completely curbed. Animals of the vast jungle, physiologically designed to run free for miles and hunt live prey each day, being kept in a cage of a few feet and flashed with cameras, is a disgrace to nature.

Other than this, we observe many cases of violence against animals arising out of the anger of humans. This extremely damaging habit of expressing unchecked anger or emotion upon animals, whether it is cutting off a camel’s leg, or raping a kitten, must be addressed at a more serious level since these cases are not isolated; they are an increasing occurrence.

A sense of empathy needs to be inculcated in the public regarding all life forms through educational institutes, home parenting, advertisements, or guidance through actions.

Animal testing, over-labouring of animals, and under-maintained shops selling animals/pets for profit are separate matters from the above-mentioned category of abuse since the motivations behind these do not root from a place of hatred or ill-psyche but from greed and desperation. Abuses like these can best be handled by law-enforcement authorities and strict policies.

Violence and abuse of any form can grow exponentially. Pakistan is a country with an increasingly intolerant population. We do not have empathy for species that are not us; within our own species, we do not have empathy for religions that aren’t ours; within our religion, we do not tolerate belief systems that aren’t similar to ours. Hence, cruelty must be addressed both legally and lawfully, academically, systematically and psychologically.

Modi’s Third Term and the Future of Indian Democracy

By
Batool Akhtar
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Modi's Third Term and the Future of Indian Democracy

As Narendra Modi’s government embarks on its third term, the debate surrounding the recent election process and its results in the world’s largest democracy continues. While the success of the BJP in these elections is noteworthy, several challenging aspects of Indian democracy have emerged, raising concerns about the future political landscape and the integrity of democratic values.

One of the most contentious issues is the presence of representatives in the Lok Sabha who face serious terrorism charges. For instance, Amrit Pal Singh, a 31-year-old Sikh from Punjab and the leader of Waris Punjab De, has positioned himself as the heir to Bhindranwale. Despite facing terrorism trials, Singh has managed to secure a seat in the Lok Sabha, leading to questions about the judicial and legal processes that allow him to participate in parliamentary sessions. Singh’s charismatic leadership and oratory skills have garnered him significant support, but his presence in the Lok Sabha underscores a disturbing trend.

Similarly, Sheikh Abdul Rasheed, a prominent figure in Kashmiri politics, has won a Lok Sabha seat by defeating the former Chief Minister of IIOJK, Sheikh Omar Abdullah, by a significant margin. Rasheed’s victory highlights the complex and often volatile political landscape of IIOJK, where historical grievances and aspirations for autonomy play a significant role. Another controversial figure, Sarbjit Singh Khalsa, the son of Indira Gandhi’s assassin, has also been elected to the Lok Sabha.

While being related to a criminal is not a crime, the popularity of individuals associated with heinous acts raises critical questions about the values and principles upheld in Indian politics.

The election of such figures highlights a deeper societal issue. If individuals who take the law into their own hands and commit acts of violence are celebrated as heroes or leaders, it perpetuates a cycle of violence and glorification of criminal acts. This cycle can only be broken if there is a clear and principled stance against coercion and violence. Until such an approach is strengthened, the region will continue to produce leaders who gain popularity through violent means, undermining the very foundations of democracy and non-violence. This dilemma of non-violence and popularity is a significant challenge for Indian democracy, where the sanctity of human dignity and the rule of law must be upheld to prevent the normalization of violence as a means to political power.

Furthermore, Modi’s participation in International Yoga Day at Dal Lake, where he engaged in yoga with the local populace, symbolizes a concerted effort to integrate IIOJK into the national mainstream. The return of sports events, bustling bazaars, markets, and reopened cinema halls signal a different change in the region, reflecting the dedication of the BJP government over the past decade.  However, despite these development initiatives, the BJP did not secure any seats in IIOJK or Punjab in the recent 2024 elections. This electoral setback suggests a disconnect between the BJP leadership and the local populace, particularly in regions with a history of extremism and violence. The BJP needs to understand the reasons behind the continued sympathy for extremists and work towards bridging this gap.

The question arises: why could not the local leadership of IIOJK and Punjab stand with the BJP despite the development work? The answer may lie in the deep-rooted historical and socio-political contexts that continue to influence voter sentiments.

To move forward, the BJP must engage in genuine dialogue with the local leadership and communities in these regions. Addressing their concerns and aspirations with empathy and understanding is crucial. The party must also reaffirm its commitment to non-violence and democratic principles, ensuring that those who seek to disrupt peace and harmony through violence are not glorified or given political legitimacy. The path to sustainable peace and development in these regions lies in fostering a culture of non-violence, inclusivity, and respect for the rule of the UN.

As the Modi government begins its third term, it faces significant challenges in balancing development initiatives with the need to address the root causes of extremism and violence. The presence of controversial figures in the Lok Sabha underscores the need for a principled approach to non-violence and human dignity. Moving forward, the BJP must strive to connect with the local leadership and populace in regions like IIOJK and Punjab, ensuring that the lessons of humanity, democracy, and non-violence are not just taught but also practiced and embraced by all. Only through such efforts can India continue to uphold its democratic values and pave the way for a peaceful and prosperous future.

The Sacrifice of Sepoy Haroon William

By
Syeda Aliza Jaffery
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The last rites of Pakistan Army soldier Haroon William, who heroically lost his life in an operation against terrorists, were performed with solemnity and respect.

The last rites of Pakistan Army soldier Haroon William, who heroically lost his life in an operation against terrorists, were performed with solemnity and respect. According to the Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR), the 29-year-old soldier sacrificed his life in defense of the motherland during an operation in Karam. This tragic incident has once again highlighted the immense sacrifices made by the soldiers of Pakistan in their unwavering commitment to the nation’s security and sovereignty.

The funeral service for Sepoy Haroon William was held at St. Paul’s Church in Rawalpindi. The church was filled with an air of solemn reverence as family, friends, and colleagues gathered to pay their last respects. The ceremony was attended by prominent figures, including Prime Minister Shahbaz Sharif, Army Chief, and Defense Minister Khawaja Asif. Their presence underscored the nation’s recognition of his bravery and the ultimate sacrifice he made for Pakistan. The attendance of such high-ranking officials served as a testament to the importance of honoring those who lay down their lives for the country.

ISPR also reported that the funerals of other brave soldiers, including Havaldar Aqeel Ahmed, Lance Naik Mohammad Tafir, Sepoy Anush Rufan, and Sepoy Mohammad Azam Khan, were conducted in their respective native areas. These soldiers, like Sepoy Haroon William, were honored for their unwavering commitment and service to the country. Their sacrifices, though deeply mourned, are a source of immense pride for their families and the nation.

The collective grief felt by the community is matched by a profound respect for the courage these men displayed.

During the ceremony, Prime Minister Shahbaz Sharif took a moment to speak, praising the contributions and sacrifices of the Christian community in the development and defense of Pakistan. He emphasized that the armed forces of Pakistan are a diverse group comprising individuals from various backgrounds, all united in their mission to protect the nation. “The armed forces are a collection of people from different backgrounds, striving for the collective defense of the state,” he stated. This unity in diversity is one of the core strengths of the Pakistani military, reflecting the broader societal fabric of the country.

Reflecting on the tragic incident, the Prime Minister expressed his deep sorrow, stating, “As a result of a very sad incident yesterday, Haroon William sacrificed his life for the country. I salute the sons of those who sacrificed. The Pakistan Army is committed to defending the state.” He highlighted the enduring legacy of the martyrs and the importance of their sacrifices for the nation’s security, asserting that such sacrifices will not go in vain. The Prime Minister’s words resonated with many, as they underscored the high regard in which these fallen heroes are held.

The Prime Minister further acknowledged the significant contributions of the Christian community, noting their roles in the Army, Air Force, and Navy. He reiterated the constitutional and legal equality of all citizens, calling for the protection of children from becoming orphans and ensuring that every individual has equal opportunities to live and thrive in Pakistan. “The Christian community has made great sacrifices for Pakistan. They have offered their services in various branches of the military, contributing to the defense of the nation,” he added.

His statements highlighted the integral role played by minority communities in the country’s development and security.

The Army Chief also spoke at the ceremony, commending the services of Sepoy Haroon William, Sepoy Anush Rufan, and their fellow soldiers. He remarked on the unity and bravery demonstrated by these soldiers, calling it a testament to the strength of the nation. “The unity and bravery of these soldiers is an example of the strength of the nation. The nation will always be indebted to the services and sacrifices of these soldiers for the motherland,” he said. Army Chief remarks served as a poignant reminder of the collective resilience and dedication of the armed forces.

The ceremony concluded with a renewed commitment to honor and remember the sacrifices of those who have laid down their lives for Pakistan. The atmosphere was charged with a mix of grief and pride, as attendees reflected on the bravery of the fallen soldiers. The collective strength and resilience of the nation in the face of adversity were palpable, demonstrating a unified front against any threats to the country’s sovereignty.

The last rites of Sepoy Haroon William, along with his fellow soldiers, serve as a stark reminder of the ongoing struggles faced by the Pakistan Army in its mission to protect the nation. Their sacrifices, while deeply mourned, are a source of national pride and inspiration. The nation stands united in honoring these heroes, with a pledge to never forget their contributions and to continue striving for the safety and security of Pakistan. As the nation bids farewell to its brave sons, their legacy lives on, inspiring future generations to serve with the same dedication and courage.

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