Pakistan’s Multi-Faceted Approach to 5GW

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3 months ago

Nations today face threats that are unconventional and complex, extending into the realms of information, cyber, and psychological domains.

In the modern era, warfare has evolved far beyond the traditional battlefields of land, sea, and air. Nations today face threats that are unconventional and complex, extending into the realms of information, cyber, and psychological domains. Pakistan, a country with a rich history of geopolitical significance, is currently navigating the treacherous waters of what is known as fifth-generation warfare (5GW). This form of conflict is not characterized by the conventional weapons of war but by the strategic use of information, cyber-attacks, and psychological operations to achieve political and military objectives.

Fifth-generation warfare is a term used to describe a blend of tactics that aim to disrupt and dismantle a nation’s stability through non-kinetic means. Unlike previous generations of warfare, which relied on physical force and direct confrontations, 5GW employs sophisticated techniques to influence public perception, manipulate information, and exploit vulnerabilities in a nation’s digital infrastructure. This type of warfare often involves state and non-state actors and operates in a shadowy domain where attribution is challenging. The primary goal is to weaken the adversary from within, creating chaos and confusion without the need for a direct military confrontation.

Pakistan’s challenges in this new warfare landscape are multifaceted. Cyber warfare has become a significant threat, with numerous cyber-attacks aimed at compromising critical infrastructure, government systems, and financial institutions. These attacks often originate from hostile entities seeking to destabilize the country’s economy and governance.

The rise of cyber espionage and hacking groups has further complicated Pakistan’s security landscape. The need for robust cybersecurity measures is more pressing than ever, as these attacks can have far-reaching consequences on national security and public trust.

Information warfare, another crucial component of 5GW, involves the battle for hearts and minds. Pakistan faces a constant barrage of misinformation and propaganda, both from internal and external sources. These campaigns aim to sow discord, create mistrust in the government, and fuel sectarian and ethnic tensions. Social media platforms, in particular, have become battlegrounds for spreading fake news and inflammatory content. The rapid dissemination of false information can lead to public unrest and undermine the legitimacy of state institutions. Countering this requires a proactive approach, including media literacy campaigns and stringent regulations on digital content.

Psychological operations target the morale and cohesion of a society. Pakistan has witnessed attempts to undermine its social fabric through the spread of fear, uncertainty, and doubt. This includes orchestrated efforts to highlight and exacerbate social issues, political unrest, and economic challenges, thereby eroding public confidence in state institutions. These psychological tactics are designed to create an environment of perpetual anxiety and mistrust, weakening the nation’s resolve to confront its adversaries. Addressing these challenges necessitates strong leadership and transparent governance to reassure the public and maintain social stability.

Economic warfare is another facet of 5GW that Pakistan has to contend with. Economic destabilization through sanctions, trade restrictions, and financial manipulations can weaken a nation’s economy. Pakistan has experienced economic pressures that are often linked to broader geopolitical strategies aimed at limiting its growth and development. Building a resilient economy is crucial in countering these pressures. This involves diversifying the economic base, strengthening trade relations, and pursuing policies that promote sustainable development.

Economic stability is a key pillar in maintaining national security and resilience against external threats.

In response to these multifaceted threats, Pakistan has undertaken several measures to strengthen its resilience against fifth-generation warfare. Enhanced cybersecurity is a top priority. Pakistan has been investing in improving its cybersecurity infrastructure to protect against cyber-attacks. This includes the establishment of dedicated cyber units within the military and law enforcement agencies, as well as collaborations with international partners to enhance cyber defense capabilities. Developing a skilled workforce in cybersecurity is also essential to effectively counter and mitigate the impact of cyber threats.

Counter-disinformation campaigns are another crucial strategy. Recognizing the threat of misinformation, Pakistan has launched initiatives to counter fake news and propaganda. Efforts include monitoring and regulating social media content, promoting digital literacy, and conducting public awareness campaigns to help citizens discern credible information from falsehoods. Strengthening the credibility and transparency of official communication channels is vital in maintaining public trust and countering the effects of disinformation.

To mitigate the impact of psychological operations, Pakistan is focusing on initiatives that promote social cohesion and national unity. This includes addressing underlying social issues, fostering interfaith and interethnic harmony, and building trust in state institutions through transparent governance and effective communication.

Engaging with community leaders and civil society organizations can also play a pivotal role in maintaining social harmony and resilience against psychological operations.

Building economic resilience is another key component of Pakistan’s strategy. Pakistan is working to build a more resilient economy by diversifying its economic base, strengthening trade relations, and pursuing policies that promote sustainable development. Economic stability is crucial in countering the pressures of economic warfare. Implementing structural reforms, attracting foreign investment, and promoting innovation and entrepreneurship are essential steps towards achieving long-term economic resilience.

Pakistan’s struggle with fifth-generation warfare highlights the changing nature of modern conflicts. As adversaries employ more sophisticated and insidious tactics, nations must adapt and develop multifaceted strategies to protect their sovereignty and stability. The global community is increasingly recognizing the need for comprehensive strategies to address these unconventional threats. International cooperation, information sharing, and collective defense mechanisms are essential in combating the complex dynamics of 5GW.

ASEAN’s Journey to Water Security

By

Batool Akhtar

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3 months ago

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Water scarcity is increasingly becoming a critical issue within the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) region, posing significant challenges to sustainable development and regional stability. Comprising ten diverse countries with varying economic strengths and ecological conditions, ASEAN faces mounting pressures from population growth, climate change, and inadequate water management practices.

Across ASEAN, water scarcity manifests in different forms and intensities. Countries like Singapore, despite high economic development, struggle with limited natural freshwater resources. Conversely, nations like Indonesia and the Philippines face challenges due to inefficient distribution, pollution, and unsustainable usage practices. Climate change exacerbates these issues, altering rainfall patterns and increasing the frequency of extreme weather events such as droughts and floods. The Mekong River, a vital lifeline for several ASEAN countries, has witnessed reduced flow due to upstream damming and shifting precipitation patterns, adversely affecting agriculture, fisheries, and millions dependent on its waters. Rapid urbanization in cities like Bangkok, Jakarta, and Manila has spiked water demand, straining aging infrastructure and leading to pollution from industrial activities.

Groundwater over-extraction exacerbates issues like land subsidence and further depletes precious water reserves.

Water scarcity varies widely across ASEAN. While countries like Singapore have implemented advanced technologies and rigorous water management policies to mitigate shortages, others, such as Cambodia and Myanmar, lack sufficient infrastructure to meet growing water demands. Jakarta faces severe shortages and increased flooding risks due to groundwater depletion and subsidence, while Vietnam’s Mekong Delta grapples with salinity intrusion and reduced water flow, impacting vital agricultural activities.

In Indonesia, the capital city Jakarta exemplifies the stark realities of urban water scarcity. Despite being surrounded by abundant water bodies, Jakarta faces severe shortages due to rapid urbanization, over-extraction of groundwater, and poor infrastructure. The city’s reliance on groundwater has led to land subsidence, exacerbating flooding risks during monsoon seasons. The situation highlights the urgent need for sustainable water management practices and investments in infrastructure to safeguard urban water security.

Similarly, Vietnam’s Mekong Delta, a critical agricultural region known as the “rice bowl” of Southeast Asia, faces threats from upstream dam construction and climate change-induced salinity intrusion.

Reduced river flows jeopardize rice production and freshwater availability, impacting millions of livelihoods dependent on agriculture.

The environmental consequences of water scarcity are profound, with reduced river flows and degraded water quality threatening biodiversity and ecosystems. Socioeconomically, food security suffers as agriculture relies heavily on water for irrigation. Women and children often bear the burden of water collection in rural areas, affecting education and productivity. Urban areas experience disruptions and conflicts over dwindling water resources, while industries dependent on water face operational challenges, potentially slowing economic growth.

In rural Cambodia, for instance, access to clean water is a daily challenge for many communities. Limited infrastructure and water treatment facilities mean that rural populations often rely on untreated water sources, exposing them to waterborne diseases. The situation underscores the intersection of water scarcity with public health issues, highlighting the urgent need for improved water access and sanitation infrastructure in underserved regions.

Addressing ASEAN’s water scarcity demands a comprehensive approach. Integrated water resource management (IWRM) must become a priority, focusing on governance reforms, infrastructure investments, and efficient water use across sectors.

Technological innovations like desalination, water recycling, and smart water meters have proven effective in countries like Singapore, demonstrating scalable solutions that other ASEAN nations can adopt and customize.

Singapore’s success in water management serves as a model for the region. The city-state has implemented a robust strategy combining water conservation, diversified water sources, and advanced technologies. Initiatives such as NEWater, which purifies wastewater to produce high-grade reclaimed water, and desalination plants have significantly reduced Singapore’s reliance on imported water and enhanced water resilience.

Regional cooperation is crucial for managing transboundary water resources sustainably. Collaborative frameworks, especially for river basins like the Mekong, can ensure equitable water distribution and resilience against climate impacts. The Mekong River Commission, comprising Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, exemplifies regional cooperation in water governance, promoting dialogue and joint management of the Mekong’s resources.

Public awareness campaigns are vital for promoting water conservation practices among citizens. Community-driven initiatives empower local populations to manage water sustainably, leveraging indigenous knowledge and practices.

Education and engagement foster a sense of responsibility and collective action in preserving this vital resource.

In Thailand, community-based water management initiatives have emerged as effective models for local engagement. Projects led by community organizations and supported by government agencies focus on sustainable water use, watershed management, and ecosystem conservation. These initiatives not only improve water availability but also strengthen community resilience to climate impacts and water-related hazards.

Water scarcity poses a complex challenge to ASEAN’s future development and stability. By prioritizing sustainable water management, embracing technological innovations, fostering regional cooperation, and engaging communities, ASEAN can mitigate the impacts of water scarcity. The region’s prosperity hinges on wise and equitable water management, ensuring that future generations inherit a resilient and water-secure ASEAN.

In confronting water scarcity, ASEAN has an opportunity to lead by example, demonstrating that collective action and innovation can safeguard water resources and sustain prosperity in the face of mounting global challenges. The journey towards water security requires commitment from governments, collaboration among stakeholders, and active participation from communities. Together, ASEAN can forge a path toward a sustainable water future, where water scarcity no longer impedes the region’s growth and prosperity.

Saudi Arabia’s Entry into the Digital Currency Revolution

By

Saba Kiran

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3 months ago

0

In a significant move marking the beginning of the Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) revolution, Saudi Arabia has become a full member of the mBridge project. This development opens doors for immediate, low-cost cross-border currency transactions, a capability Saudi Arabia plans to leverage for selling oil to China, potentially paving the way for the petroyuan.

CBDCs are digital forms of national currencies issued by central banks, distinct from cryptocurrencies but with full legal backing. They promise increased payment efficiency, crucial for international transactions notorious for their costliness and delays.

mBridge, launched in 2021 by the Bank for International Settlements’ Innovation Hub and several central banks, has reached its Minimum Viable Product (MVP) stage. It employs distributed ledger technology (DLT) to enable instant, universal CBDC transfers, challenging SWIFT’s dominance in cross-border payments. The platform’s successful trials, including transactions worth $22 million, highlight its readiness for mid-2025 operational rollout.

mBridge’s potential to streamline transactions and reduce costs positions it as a game-changer in global finance.

Saudi Arabia’s integration into mBridge underscores a broader shift away from traditional USD-dominated transactions. The platform’s capability to facilitate CBDC transactions, particularly in currencies like the yuan, signals a potential challenge to the dollar’s supremacy in global trade, especially in commodities such as oil. China’s recent use of digital yuan for oil purchases at the Shanghai Petroleum Exchange exemplifies this trend, showcasing its commitment to internationalizing the yuan. This move, alongside mBridge’s emergence, suggests a gradual but significant recalibration of global financial dynamics.

mBridge’s emergence as an alternative to SWIFT addresses longstanding criticisms of the latter’s inefficiency and sanction-enforcement role. By allowing central banks to manage their own sanctions lists, mBridge promises greater flexibility and resistance to geopolitical pressures compared to SWIFT’s centralized control. The platform’s ability to facilitate transactions without relying on USD as an intermediary reduces exposure to risks associated with sanctions and currency fluctuations. This feature is particularly appealing to countries seeking to diversify their financial dependencies and assert more autonomy in global economic interactions.

While the immediate impact of the petroyuan and mBridge on dollar dominance may be limited, their disruptive potential cannot be underestimated. As more countries explore CBDCs and join platforms like mBridge, the evolution towards a multipolar currency system gains momentum. CBDCs offer benefits beyond transactional efficiency, including enhanced financial inclusion and security.

By digitizing national currencies, central banks can potentially improve monetary policy effectiveness and mitigate risks associated with cash-based economies.

The shift towards CBDCs and platforms like mBridge is not limited to China and Saudi Arabia. Countries across the globe, from the BRICS nations to smaller economies in the Global South, are actively exploring or piloting CBDC initiatives. These developments reflect a broader desire to modernize financial infrastructures and reduce reliance on traditional banking systems dominated by Western institutions. In Latin America, for instance, countries like Brazil are evaluating CBDCs as tools for financial inclusion and stability. In Africa, where mobile money has already revolutionized financial services, CBDCs offer potential solutions to enhance cross-border trade and investment flows.

While the technological promise of CBDCs is clear, their widespread adoption faces significant regulatory and interoperability challenges. Harmonizing regulatory frameworks across jurisdictions, ensuring data privacy, and managing systemic risks are critical considerations for central banks and policymakers. Moreover, the integration of CBDCs into existing financial ecosystems requires careful planning to avoid disruption and ensure a seamless transition.

Collaborative efforts between central banks, financial institutions, and technology providers will be essential in navigating these complexities and maximizing the benefits of digital currencies.

For the United States, the rise of CBDCs and platforms like mBridge poses strategic challenges. Historically, the USD has enjoyed hegemonic status as the global reserve currency, bolstered by its use in international trade and finance. However, the advent of CBDCs introduces alternatives that could erode this dominance over time. To maintain its influence, the US will need to adapt to the evolving financial landscape by promoting innovation in digital finance while safeguarding its economic interests. Collaboration with allies and partners to develop interoperable CBDC frameworks could mitigate risks and foster a more resilient global financial system.

Saudi Arabia’s participation in the mBridge project marks a pivotal moment in the evolution of global finance. By embracing CBDCs and platforms designed to facilitate cross-border transactions, countries are signaling a readiness to explore alternatives to traditional banking systems and enhance financial sovereignty. While challenges remain in terms of regulatory alignment, technological integration, and geopolitical implications, the momentum toward CBDC adoption is undeniable. As more countries leverage digital currencies for international trade and investment, the global financial landscape is set to undergo a profound transformation. Ultimately, the success of initiatives like mBridge will hinge on their ability to deliver on promises of efficiency, security, and inclusivity in global finance. As stakeholders navigate this new era, collaboration and innovation will be key to unlocking the full potential of CBDCs and reshaping the future of money.

The SCO’s Influence on the Modern World System

By

Dr. Sahibzada Muhammad Usman and Fatime Mehdi

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3 months ago

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Evolution is an inevitable process, and despite the efforts of those in world politics, it is impossible to halt its progress. After the Second World War, the neo-demographic system collapsed, leading to a prolonged period of conflict between two contrasting economic systems: capitalism and communism. Eventually, the Soviet Union dissolved, marking the end of that era. Now, the world finds itself in a new phase of economic conditions. As a new era of global politics dawns, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) emerges as a crucial player in this transformation.

The upcoming SCO summit is a significant event, given the organization’s growing influence. It is essential to understand the implications of every move made by the SCO, as it plays a pivotal role in the emerging global political landscape. Led by China, the SCO aims to challenge the notion of global dominance by a single power, instead advocating for a multipolar world through the establishment of similar organizations. To comprehend these evolutionary strategic changes, it is necessary to analyze the conditions under which they are occurring, the current state of the world system, and the foundational principles that should underpin the new global order.

The post-World War II system is perceived as a successor to the colonial era, characterized by indirect control rather than direct policies of direct occupation. The powerful countries often exert influence over developing nations through economic means, ensuring that these nations remain within their sphere of influence.

As a result, developing countries frequently feel entrapped by strategies designed to keep them under control. This dynamic is reminiscent of the metaphor of elephants fighting, where the grass gets trampled.

To maintain hegemony, powerful nations frequently intervene in the economic affairs of developing countries. They employ various strategies to prevent these nations from achieving economic independence. This intervention often leads to industrial decline and economic stagnation, as the developing countries are unable to break free from the grip of the more powerful nations. Furthermore, powerful countries sometimes sponsor separatism, extremism, and terrorism, disregarding established political ethics to maintain their dominance.

The post-World War II system, established by the Allied powers, has largely failed to create a fair and just global order. Institutions like the United Nations (UN) have been undermined, and their credibility eroded, as demonstrated by the invasion of Iraq and the subsequent decline in trust in the UN. The promises made by these institutions have often amounted to little, leaving developing countries disillusioned and distrustful of the global system.

In response to the failures of the post-World War II system, the SCO advocates for a new world order based on mutual trust, equality, and common development. The Shanghai Spirit embodies the principles of mutual respect, mutual benefit, and the protection of the rights of small and weak countries. It aims to ensure that these countries are not overwhelmed by force or coercion.

The SCO’s primary objective is to take joint measures to protect the common interests of its member states, enabling them to achieve strategic autonomy. This goal includes making external intervention in the region a thing of the past and addressing security issues through mutual cooperation.

The SCO envisions a world where countries collaborate to resolve their differences and work together towards regional security and development.

China’s Global Security Initiative serves as a leading framework for achieving this goal. The initiative encourages SCO member countries to resolve their differences collectively and to work together towards regional security. By fostering mutual trust and cooperation, the SCO aims to create a more stable and secure environment for its member states.

The SCO holds particular significance for Pakistan, as both Pakistan and India are members of the organization. For the SCO to achieve its objectives, it is crucial for India to engage sincerely in resolving its issues with Pakistan. Likewise, Pakistan must carefully consider its diplomatic relations to ensure that its commitment to the SCO does not result in distancing itself from other nations. This balance is challenging but not insurmountable.

For Pakistan, the SCO offers an opportunity to engage in a framework that prioritizes mutual trust and cooperation. It provides a platform for Pakistan to address its security concerns and to work towards regional stability. However, this commitment should not lead to a complete severance of ties with other countries.

Instead, Pakistan must navigate its relationships carefully, ensuring that it remains committed to the SCO while maintaining its diplomatic engagements with other nations.

Similarly, India must recognize the importance of the SCO and its principles of mutual respect and cooperation. By engaging sincerely with Pakistan and other member countries, India can contribute to the stability and security of the region. The SCO offers a platform for India to demonstrate its commitment to regional peace and development.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization represents a significant shift towards a new global order based on mutual trust, equality, and common development. As the SCO continues to grow in influence, it is essential to understand its actions and the implications for the current world system. The SCO’s commitment to strategic autonomy, regional security, and the protection of the rights of all member countries offers a promising framework for a more just and equitable global order.

The upcoming summit will be a critical moment in the ongoing evolution of global politics. It will provide an opportunity for the SCO to demonstrate its commitment to its principles and to outline its vision for the future. As the world continues to evolve, the SCO will play a crucial role in shaping the new global order, ensuring that the rights of small and weak countries are protected and that mutual trust and cooperation are the guiding principles of international relations.

The dawn of this new era in global politics is an opportunity for the world to move beyond the failures of the past and embrace a future based on mutual respect and collaboration. The SCO’s vision of a multipolar world, where countries work together to address common challenges, offers a path towards a more just and peaceful global order. As the SCO continues to grow in influence, it will be essential to remain vigilant and to understand the implications of its actions, ensuring that the principles of the Shanghai Spirit guide the future of international relations.

The Unstoppable Rise of Biotechnology

By

Naila Ahmed

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3 months ago

0

Biotechnology is an exciting and rapidly evolving field that has seen remarkable progress since the discovery of the structure of DNA in the 1950s. Its applications span multiple sectors, with particularly profound impacts on agriculture and health. The development of biotechnology has revolutionized our approach to problems in these fields, offering innovative solutions that were unimaginable just a few decades ago.

From 2000 the biotechnology sector in Pakistan saw significant advancements. The establishment of the National Commission for Biotechnology, led by the renowned biotechnologist Dr. Anwar Naseem, marked a pivotal moment for the country. This commission funded numerous projects, leading to a rapid increase in scientific publications from Pakistan. Centers such as the National Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering and the Nuclear Institute of Agriculture and Biology in Faisalabad, operating under the Atomic Energy Commission, played crucial roles in developing improved varieties of crops like cotton and wheat through biotechnological means.

At the heart of biotechnology lies DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, which is the molecule that carries the genetic instructions for life. DNA can be visualized as a long, twisted ladder composed of four types of nucleotide bases, which form the “letters,” “words,” and “sentences” that dictate cellular functions, growth, and reproduction. Human DNA consists of approximately 3 billion base pairs, which encode the information necessary for building and maintaining our bodies.

DNA is found in almost every cell and is inherited from our parents, determining traits ranging from physical characteristics to susceptibility to certain diseases. Essentially, DNA is the biological code that defines every living organism.

Genetic engineering is a cornerstone of agricultural biotechnology, allowing scientists to alter an organism’s DNA to achieve desired traits. This technique has led to the development of genetically modified (GM) crops with numerous advantages. For example, Bt corn and cotton have been engineered to produce toxins that target harmful insects, significantly reducing crop losses and increasing yields. Similarly, virus-resistant papaya has revived papaya production in Hawaii, and herbicide-resistant soybean crops allow farmers to manage weeds more effectively without harming the crops. These innovations not only increase agricultural productivity but also reduce the reliance on chemical pesticides, promoting a more sustainable approach to farming.

Biotechnology also enhances the nutritional value of crops. For instance, Golden Rice has been genetically modified to produce beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A, addressing vitamin deficiencies in many populations. This biofortification strategy holds great promise for improving public health, especially in developing countries where vitamin A deficiency is prevalent. Moreover, molecular markers, which are segments of DNA linked to specific traits, have accelerated the development of new plant varieties with desirable characteristics. This technology improves breeding efficiency by enabling the selection of plants with desired traits at the seedling stage, reducing the time required for traditional breeding methods.

Drought-tolerant and disease-resistant rice varieties developed using molecular markers are prime examples of this advancement, ensuring food security in regions prone to environmental stresses.

In the health sector, genetic engineering has been used to correct genetic disorders and develop innovative therapies. Gene therapy, which involves introducing, removing, or altering genetic material in a patient’s cells, has shown promise in treating diseases such as spinal muscular atrophy. This condition, which affects motor neuron development, has seen significant improvements through the use of gene therapy, offering hope to many patients and their families. Additionally, gene-editing technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 enable precise modifications to the DNA sequence, offering potential treatments for genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia. CRISPR is also being explored in advanced cancer treatments, where genetically modified immune cells can better recognize and attack cancer cells. These therapies represent a new frontier in personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to the genetic profile of individual patients.

Biotechnology has significantly advanced vaccine development, leading to the creation of safer and more effective vaccines. The development of mRNA vaccines, which use synthetic mRNA to instruct cells to produce viral antigens, has been a groundbreaking innovation. The rapid development and deployment of mRNA vaccines by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna during the Covid-19 pandemic highlighted their potential.

These vaccines not only provided a swift response to the pandemic but also demonstrated the versatility and scalability of mRNA technology, paving the way for future vaccines against a range of infectious diseases.

Stem cell therapy, another promising branch of biotechnology, aims to restore function in damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells, with their ability to differentiate into various cell types, hold the potential for treating conditions such as spinal cord injuries and heart disease by regenerating damaged tissues. For example, stem cell therapy could potentially regenerate damaged neurons in spinal cord injuries or repair heart tissue damaged by myocardial infarction. Additionally, biotechnology is paving the way for bioengineered organs and tissues, potentially addressing the shortage of donor organs. Advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine offer the possibility of growing organs in the lab, which could revolutionize transplantation and save countless lives.

While the benefits of biotechnology in agriculture and health are numerous, they also raise ethical and social concerns. The safety and environmental impact of GM crops are debated, including issues related to allergenic potential, gene flow to wild relatives, and the development of resistant insects and weeds. These concerns highlight the need for rigorous regulatory frameworks and continuous monitoring to ensure that GM crops do not pose unforeseen risks to ecosystems and human health. Similarly, the use of gene-editing technologies like CRISPR in humans prompts ethical questions about genetic modifications, unintended consequences, and the possibility of “designer babies.” The prospect of editing human embryos to enhance certain traits raises significant ethical dilemmas about the limits of scientific intervention and the potential for social inequality.

What Is The Future Of The Media In The Age Of AI?

By

Mehr F Husain

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3 months ago

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The Reuters Institute for the Study Of Journalism recently released its Digital News Report which focused on the current environment within which publishers are operating and how they are connecting with readers.

The report analysed the impact of artificial intelligence and it could potentially alter the way information is shared, consumed and created.

Broadly speaking, the research shows that social media platforms such as Facebook and X are slowly but surely moving away from traditional news-related content especially when it comes to referrals back to publishers. As text consumption decreases, there is the rise of visual content in the form of varying-length videos that are watched on YouTube, TikTok and Instagram.

The report will come as a revelation, especially with the realisation that the democratisation of the internet has shaped how content is created as the perception of creating content for like-minded individuals and friends has changed to creating content for anyone and everyone. The opening up of a global audience is giving rise to a glaring need to rethink how engagement in the digital realm is to take place and how publishers can stay relevant.

Key takeaways:

There is a media funding crisis. Rising costs, falling revenues and decreasing flow of traffic (to the website and social media platforms) have resulted in media entities shutting down, downsizing and cutting costs. The worrisome part is all of this has exposed the media to government and business entities both of which are influencing media ideologies and what constitutes content.
There is a massive chasm between what consumers want and what publishers are providing. This is where we are seeing the rise of ‘individual journalism’ where more and more people are taking to the digital realm to create their ‘own’ news. This means that as consumers watch individualistic takes, media entities result in becoming irrelevant or weaken as traffic falls.
Video content is rising. YouTube is used by almost a 1/3 of the global sample (6 continents, 47 markets) and TikTok users outdo X (formerly known as Twitter). This does not mean text is irrelevant but that video is increasingly being consumed.
The rise of video is due to 3 major reasons:

- If you can see it, you can believe it. Videos by individuals who are not necessarily associated with a media entity are believed more as they are seen as being unedited and free from any bias.
- Easy to consume. Videos are convenient in terms of being delivered especially on platforms that you follow or are subscribed to.
- The varied perspectives. People are tired of the same old faces, the usual TV show hosts, authors, and columnists. This is also fuelled by a deep mistrust of what is seen as ‘liberal’ agendas which is giving rise to more right-wing perspectives.

Publishers are caught in between technological and behaviour changes which means Meta and Google are also facing challenges in a realm where AI is shaping the news ecosystem.
With advertising revenues on the decline, it appears only a minority (17% of the global sample) are willing to pay for news and the majority (57%) would not consider paying anything.
The rise of alternative voices is prevalent on sites such as TikTok and Instagram whereas mainstream media and popular journalists are more likely to use Facebook and X but still face stiff competition. There is however a difference emerging between journalists and online personalities.
There is a difference between staying informed (which is when people want the news to provide facts) and learning (where people want to be educated or updated). While the need to remain informed is there, clearly it is no longer enough as people want an explanation of the information being put out as well as an analysis.
While there is a sense of wariness when it comes to AI, there seems to be some level of acceptance in terms of experiences using news and access to information. There is resistance to the use of AI concerning public-facing content and sensitive information. There is an overall consensus that human beings should be present and complete automation is off limits.
Due to low trust in the media, publishers will need to be extremely careful how AI is used to avoid losing trust on the part of the consumer completely. It is clear that when emotion, judgment and connection is needed, AI will not be accepted and a human being will have to be at the front and centre.

Are we actually witnessing “The End of History?’’

By

Maidah Tariq

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3 months ago

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The famous essay of American political scientist Francis Fukuyama, ‘‘The End of History and the Last Man (1992),’’ signalled the endpoint of mankind’s ideological evolution. Fukuyama argued that with the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, liberal democracy-characterized by free markets, individual rights, rule of law, and democratic values-ultimately emerged as the universal form of government. However, the idea has been subjected to widespread debate due to the resurgence of competing ideologies which questions the validity of this thesis.

For instance, China, an authoritarian state, is promoting an alternative governance model. China has positioned itself as an economic superpower, a global mediator, and a tech giant which enhances its soft power. The countries are profoundly inclined towards China due to economic benefits and geopolitical influence which challenges the principles of liberal democracy.

As an economic giant, China has employed a multifaceted approach to infrastructure development in various states such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

It is a global development project which aims to foster tremendous economic growth by establishing trade links within Asia, Europe, and Africa. As a result, the countries are hurtling towards it due to significant economic incentives. Unlike the US, China does not set the pre-conditions for establishing diplomatic relations with states.

China views Iran as a crucial partner for energy security and is importing oil from Iran despite international sanctions. Similarly, China is a diplomatic ally and the largest economic partner of North Korea as both are investing in various infrastructure projects. Contrarily, the US has sanctioned Iran and North Korea and claims that both states should dismantle their nuclear programs for the normalization of their diplomatic relations.

China’s role as a mediator in global conflicts can be justified through its efforts to normalize tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran in 2023. On the other hand, the Abraham Accords brokered by the US lost its significance as it failed to address the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, drawing criticism and limited support. Moreover, US support for Israel in the ongoing Israel-Hamas conflict and China’s advocacy for a peaceful resolution of conflict further highlights China’s stance to resolve international conflicts through dialogue and negotiation. In the recent Middle East peace conference, China’s premier Xi Jinping aims to reduce tensions and promote peace between Israel and Palestine through a two-state solution.

Consequently, China’s exertions to establish peace in the Middle East region augment its diplomatic clout and challenge Western influence in the region.

Since technology is advancing at such a fast pace, especially with the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) in China, it can be stated that China has now become a technological giant. In most sectors, technological innovation is carried out by companies that are referred to as BATX which includes Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent, and Xiaomi. It is a contender to the typically observed Information technology (IT) giants FAANGs which are Facebook, Amazon, Apple, Netflix, and Google. Whether in e-commerce and social media or the field of artificial intelligence and financial service industries, these companies have played a key role in shaping the Chinese digital economy. The competition between FAANGs and BATX thus lies not only in the economic domain but also raises fundamental questions regarding information control, technological dominance, and national security. Due to this, the US fears that some of these internet companies may be involved in espionage for the Chinese state and this has resulted in the US placing sanctions on Chinese technological products. The tech war reflects the intense rivalry between both states, which is recasting the world in ways that Fukuyama did not foresee.

The growing economic prowess of China under an authoritarian model presents formidable challenges to the concept of liberal democracy as the endpoint of human ideological evolution. Through economic initiatives like BRI, China is reorienting the international economic order by fostering the notion that alternative governance models can coexist and compete with West-led liberal democratic principles. Thus, the debate over Fukuyama’s thesis continues to evolve in response to the ongoing strategic and economic developments in the world.

Resolution 901 – Political Crypsis and Operation Goldsmith 2.0 Against Pakistan

By

Asma Khan Durrani

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3 months ago

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“Nemo me impune lacessit” – “No one attacks me with impunity.”

The introduction of Resolution 901 by Republican Senator Richard McCormick on November 30, 2023, followed by its referral to the US Committee on Foreign Affairs on March 21, 2024, and its tabulation in the House on June 24, 2024, is nothing short of a strategic maneuver aimed at undermining Pakistan’s sovereignty and progress. Elements within the US government are employing all sorts of tactics to undercut Pakistan with this semiotic war being waged against Pakistan in this age of media and propaganda. This resolution, cloaked in the guise of supporting democracy and human rights, is a deliberate attempt to distort the truth about Pakistan’s robust democratic framework and human rights record. It seems as if the US Beltway community knows when to concoct schemes to hinder Pakistan’s progress.

“Qui bono?” — “Who benefits?” — is the question we must ask when examining the true motives behind this resolution. The timing and content of Resolution 901 reveal its true agenda: to politicize Pakistan’s internal issues.

Resolution 901’s concerns about democracy and human rights is replete with not only unsubstantiated claims but also disconnected from the realities on the ground. Pakistan, a nation of 240 million, successfully conducted general elections on February 8, 2024. These elections led to a political government operating efficiently and in the true spirit of democracy. The resolution’s baseless allegations are a blatant attempt to cast aspersions on Pakistan’s democratic institutions, undermining the significant strides ensuing in Pakistan.

Contrary to the misleading narrative presented in Resolution 901, Pakistan’s human rights situation is far superior to many neighboring countries and even some developed nations. The government, with the full support of the armed forces and other state institutions, is committed to creating a secure environment for both domestic and foreign investors. The recent military initiative, “Operation Resolute Stability,” aka “Operation Azm-i-Istehkam” exemplifies dedication to maintaining peace and security within borders.

Fifth columnists are cavorting to their western masters with their entrenched interests. To “poison all the wells” so that if they cannot have the run of the place then no one can.

Resolution 901 fails to acknowledge the significant economic progress Pakistan has achieved. Through stringent economic measures, the government has effectively curtailed the illegal flow of dollars, smuggling, and cartel monopolies. These efforts have led to improved crop production, a decline in inflation, and a historic rise in Pakistan’s stock exchange, which crossed 78,000 points for the first time.

Leading economic platforms like Bloomberg have recognized Pakistan’s economic resurgence. With a 27 percent stock rally leading Asia and an additional 10 percent growth expected by year-end, Pakistan’s economic indicators are on a healthy upward trajectory. The Special Investment Facilitation Council (SIFC) has proven to be a successful initiative, fostering a favorable environment for foreign direct investment (FDI) and yielding tangible benefits within its first year.

Platforms like Bloomberg have recognized Pakistan’s economic resurgence. With a 27 percent stock rally leading Asia and an additional 10 percent growth.

Resolution 901 appears to be a component of what can only be described as “Operation Goldsmith 2.0” – a systematic smear campaign targeting Pakistan and its armed forces. This operation seeks to distort facts and spread unfounded doubts about Pakistan’s performance in democracy and human rights. It is no coincidence that such resolutions surface whenever Pakistan begins to stabilize and progress.

This deliberate campaign, employing tactics of crypsis — the art of disguise — aims to create instability in Pakistan at a time when our security situation is improving, the anti-Pakistan forces, supported by Zionist and capitalist elements, are threatened by the progress and work tirelessly to undermine it. These forces support and finance certain political dissidents within Pakistan, portraying them as victims to gain international sympathy and weaken Pakistan’s resolve.

This resolution is a strategic move to gain political leverage for the ex-chairman of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), who, in a display of staggering hypocrisy, first accused the United States of orchestrating his ouster and regime change, is now lobbying for resolution from the same country, this blatant contradiction undermines his credibility.

“Qui bono?” — “Who benefits?” — is the question we must ask when examining the true motives behind this resolution. The timing and content of Resolution 901 reveal its true agenda: to politicize Pakistan’s internal issues on a global stage under the guise of freedom of speech and human rights. This resolution is nothing more than a strategic move to gain political leverage for the ex-chairman of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), who, alongside the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), stands in opposition to the security operations essential for Pakistan’s stability, rendering nothing other than as fifth columnists cavorting to their western masters with their entrenched interests. This can be most aptly described with an analogy such as “poison all the wells” that if they cannot have the run of the place then no one can.

This resolution is nothing more than a strategic move to gain political leverage for the ex-chairman of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), who, in a display of staggering hypocrisy, first accused the United States of orchestrating his ouster and regime change. The ex-chairman vehemently blamed the US for meddling in Pakistan’s internal affairs, stirring public sentiment against foreign intervention. However, in a perplexing turn of events, the same individual who decried American interference is now lobbying for this very resolution from the country he accused of undermining his government. This blatant contradiction not only undermines his credibility but also exposes the political machinations at play. By leveraging US Congressional support, he aims to destabilize the current government under the guise of championing democracy and human rights, despite his prior claims of US culpability. This duplicitous behavior underscores a calculated effort to manipulate international narratives to his advantage, revealing the resolution as a tool for political maneuvering rather than a genuine concern for Pakistan’s democratic and human rights landscape.

The Special Investment Facilitation Council (SIFC) has proven to be a successful initiative, fostering a favorable environment for foreign direct investment (FDI) and yielding tangible benefits within its first year.

Rather than genuinely supporting democracy and human rights, Resolution 901 seeks to jeopardize Pakistan’s development. It aims to discredit the significant economic recovery achieved with the support of armed forces and the resilience of the people. This is a politically motivated attempt to weaken Pakistan at a time when we are on the cusp of becoming stable.

Despite these challenges, Pakistan remains steadfast in its commitment to democracy, human rights, and economic development. The cooperation between our civil and military leadership, coupled with the unwavering spirit of people, positions Pakistan for a promising future. While the path to economic stability and development is fraught with challenges, determination and strategic vision promise a bright future for Pakistan.

Resolution 901 is an unwise and politically charged document that fails to reflect the realities of Pakistan’s progress and potential. As a sovereign nation, Pakistan continues to strive for democratic excellence, uphold human rights, and pursue economic prosperity, undeterred by baseless external criticisms. We urge the international community to see through the falsehoods of this resolution and recognize Pakistan’s genuine efforts towards building a stable and prosperous future.

This resolution is not an act of support but a smokescreen for political intrigue designed to destabilize Pakistan, such tactics will not deter Pakistan, and will continue to march forward with resilience and determination.

The Key to Progress and Prosperity

By

M Luqman Butt

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3 months ago

0

Domestic stability is critical to advancing the development of Pakistan, this has been echoed by the head of the CPC’s international department, Liu Jianchao during his recent visit to Pakistan. This visit came in the wake of the recent visit of Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif to China during which key decisions of mutual pertaining to development were agreed. Liu Jianchao’s visit is to prepare the ground for the implementation of these decisions; this is why internal stability plays such an important role.

Liu Jianchao is a diplomat and he also plays a major role in the CPC which is the ruling political party of China. It is the internal stability that he highlighted as essential for Pakistan to overcome all the current problems and step into a new model for its development during the third meeting of the China-Pakistan consultative mechanism on the CPEC. He stressed the problem of enhancing the security situation to attract investment and noted the necessity of the political institutions’ and parties’ adaptability.

Liu’s comments encapsulate the following paradigm that nothing can developmental or economic progress in Pakistan unless stability is attained within the country.

The Pakistani government has introduced the concept of the “Five Es” to focus on five critical areas that can help achieve common goals for the people of both countries. This initiative represents a significant opportunity for collaborative efforts. Liu emphasized that party-to-party contacts are an essential component of bilateral relations. By understanding each other’s development philosophies, political parties in both countries can play a crucial role in turning strategic blueprints into reality. This approach fosters mutual respect and a deeper understanding, facilitating smoother cooperation and implementation of joint initiatives.

One of the notable announcements made by Liu Jianchao was the provision of scholarships and vocational training for Pakistani youth by the International Department of the Communist Party of China (IDCPC). This initiative is expected to cultivate a skilled workforce, which is essential for the successful execution of CPEC projects.

Investing in education and vocational training aligns with the broader goal of sustainable development and economic empowerment, ensuring that the youth are well-prepared to contribute to and benefit from these projects.

The meeting saw an unprecedented consensus among all political parties in Pakistan, including Tehreek-e-Insaf and other opposition factions. This unity reflects a collective commitment to strengthening bilateral relations and countering any adversarial intentions against China-Pakistan cooperation. The presence of key political figures such as Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar, Chairman Senate Yousuf Raza Gilani, Speaker National Assembly Sardar Ayaz Sadiq, Minister for Planning and Development Ahsan Iqbal, Tehreek-e-Insaf Senator Syed Ali Zafar, Maulana Fazlur Rehman of JUI (F), MQM’s Khalid Maqbool Siddiqui, People’s Party’s Hina Rabbani Khar, Stability Pakistan Party’s Manza Hassan, National Party’s Senator John Muhammad, and senior politician Afrasiab Khattak highlighted the significance of this meeting.

Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar expressed optimism about the second phase of CPEC, believing it will further solidify the Pak-China friendship. Maulana Fazlur Rehman highlighted the national consensus on CPEC, affirming that Pakistan-China relations transcend political differences. Senator Ali Zafar from Tehreek-e-Insaf emphasized the urgency of accelerating project timelines, reflecting the collective commitment to the timely completion of CPEC projects.

Deputy Prime Minister Ishaq Dar, in his opening remarks, highlighted the significant employment opportunities created by CPEC, underscoring the tangible benefits already realized. The consensus demonstrated at the meeting on sustainable and enduring Pakistan-China relations is essential for securing Pakistan’s future.

This unified stance among political leaders underscores the importance of internal stability for continued development and prosperity.

Liu Jianchao’s assertion that internal stability is the cornerstone of Pakistan’s development is a critical observation. Without a stable internal environment, attracting investment and fostering economic growth remains a formidable challenge. It is imperative for Pakistan’s political leadership and state institutions to work towards national reconciliation and embrace peaceful dialogue to resolve differences. This approach will create a conducive environment for development, encouraging both domestic and foreign investments.

The path to prosperity lies in maintaining internal stability, which will pave the way for the successful implementation of strategic initiatives like CPEC. By ensuring a secure and stable environment, Pakistan can unlock its full potential and achieve the shared goals set forth in its partnership with China. The collaborative efforts between the two nations, rooted in mutual respect and understanding, are poised to bring about significant changes, fostering development and economic growth.

Finally, the recent diplomatic engagements between Pakistan and China underscore the critical importance of internal stability for development. Liu Jianchao’s visit and the consensus among Pakistani political parties highlight a unified commitment to this goal. By focusing on internal stability, improving security, and fostering political flexibility, Pakistan can attract investment and achieve sustainable growth. The collaboration between Pakistan and China, especially through initiatives like CPEC, represents a promising pathway to prosperity, provided internal stability is maintained. This strategic partnership, rooted in shared goals and mutual respect, is essential for the future development of both nations.

The Triple Threat of DLDD For Pakistan

By

Safia Mansoor

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3 months ago

0

The ominous spectre of Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought (DLDD) has been widely prevalent in the world, acting as an ecological predicament which jeopardizes life, livelihood, and sustainable development. DLDD comprises three interlinked threats: Desertification ― land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and sub-humid regions primarily caused by anthropogenic activities and climate change; Land Degradation ― chronic loss or decline in ecological integrity and biological productivity of lands due to human-induced processes; and Drought ― protracted deficiency of precipitation leading to a hydrological imbalance that affects land resource productions. Collectively, the triple threat of DLDD not only endangers environmental sustainability but also brings socio-economic instability.

For Pakistan, the ever-enhancing menace of DLDD has risen to prominence owing to horrendous impact of climate change.

Lands are quintessential for the survivability of humanity; however, the poisonous concoction of climate chaos, biodiversity devastation, and widespread pollution also termed as ‘Triple Planetary Crisis’ are metamorphosing vibrant lands into barren deserts, analogous to dead zones. With the grasslands and forests being brutally annihilated, the lands are unable to thrive in ecosystems, produce agriculture, and support communities.

With vulnerable poor populations hit hardest due to vanishing resources, failing crops, and crunching economies plunging sustainable development into the abyss, the world is trapped into a vicious cycle, whereby land use is the source of 11% of Carbon dioxide emissions, which in turn begets global warming.

United Nations Policy Brief issued in June 2023 on ‘Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought’ documents that drylands of the world comprising half of the planet’s land and home to three billion people residing in almost 169 states are periled from DLDD. These drylands are a source of food, fuel, and burning materials, coupled with various ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, and water filtration and retention. Most importantly, they hold 50% of biodiversity and livestock, and nearly 44% of croplands of the world.

Anthropogenic activities in the 21^st century have been accelerating the phenomenon of desertification by 30-35% in comparison to the past. Statistical analysis from the same policy brief implies that the world lost 100 million hectares of productive land per annum between 2015 and 2019, and it is projected that more than one million hectares of fertile land will undergo degradation by 2030 if desertification and land degradation remain unabated. Moreover, the daunting challenge remains projected 95% of the planet’s land degradation by 2050 if remedial steps are not taken.

DLDD in Pakistan is often driven by the amalgamation of political, social, and economic forces wherein most notable factors include intensive agricultural practices, unsustainable consumption, extractive industries entailing forestry, mining, oil and gas, and population explosion. In present times, it has been colossally exacerbated by climate change. Alteration in precipitation cycles induced by climate change, also termed as ‘Precipitation Whiplash’ is causing prolonged and intense rainfall events on one hand and severe periods of droughts on the other.

DLDD substantially decreases the access to water for drinking and agricultural practices, augmenting the risks of food insecurity, water crisis, and conflict.

It doesn’t merely challenge the enjoyment of various human rights such as the right to life, food, health, adequate livelihood, and sustainable environment, nay deepens the global inequalities by impacting the vulnerable poorest people mostly living in dryland areas.

As far as Pakistan is concerned, it is primarily a dryland country wherein the overall landscape constitutes 80 % of arid or semi-arid land, enabling the livelihoods of nearly two-thirds of the population. Withal, accelerated land degradation and desertification chiefly originating from human activities is incessantly vanishing this vital resource. The country is jeopardized by desertification that has been causing environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity and soil fertility, and diminishment in land productivity, which is compounding the vulnerability of the fragile local populace.

With the average increase in Pakistan’s temperature of 0.9 degrees centigrade during 1980—2021, shrinking the Indus Delta by 92%, reducing per capita water availability from 5060 cubic metres to 908 cubic metres during 1951-2022, the predicament of the arid country has magnified. 62 million hectares out of a total of 79.6 million hectares of land of in Pakistan is prone to desertification, notably in South Punjab, Baluchistan, and Sindh. Moreover, the United Nations 2022 ‘Global Land Outlook’ report has listed Pakistan in 23 drought-stricken countries. The co-occurring environmental stressors ─ longer heat waves and severe water scarcity ─ for crop production have been accentuating food insecurity in the country.

They are also causing biodiversity loss by affecting allied species and soil biota. As per the World Bank report, Environmental Degradation in Pakistan annually incurs a mammoth loss of Rs 365 billion equivalent to 6% of its GDP. The same report attributes 20 % of environmental damage cost to decreased agricultural productivity consequent of soil degradation; 30% cost to waterborne diseases due to poor hygiene and water pollution; and the remaining 50% to premature mortality and illness due to air pollution.

Pakistan must deliver on its SDGs commitments for the restoration of lands and degraded ecosystems.

Harnessing a new national climate action plan, and scaling-up finance for climate adaptation and resilience is indispensable for land restoration by 2030. Through the incorporation of effective agricultural practices and integrated water resources management, alongside community empowerment, the country can curb desertification and bolster drought resilience to ensure sustainable development.

In this regard, increasing water efficiency, furthering soil conservation, and adopting drought-resilience technologies, can restore vital landscapes, Pakistan’s first-ever National Adaptation Plan (NAP) adopted in June 2023 which envisages climate-resilient country is a leap forward in this direction. Efficacious-cum-swift action is essential for healthy lands, sustainable development, and the survival of humanity.

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The rise of cyber espionage and hacking groups has further complicated Pakistan’s security landscape. The need for robust cybersecurity measures is more pressing than ever, as these attacks can have far-reaching consequences on national security and public trust.

Economic stability is a key pillar in maintaining national security and resilience against external threats.

Engaging with community leaders and civil society organizations can also play a pivotal role in maintaining social harmony and resilience against psychological operations.

Groundwater over-extraction exacerbates issues like land subsidence and further depletes precious water reserves.

Reduced river flows jeopardize rice production and freshwater availability, impacting millions of livelihoods dependent on agriculture.

Technological innovations like desalination, water recycling, and smart water meters have proven effective in countries like Singapore, demonstrating scalable solutions that other ASEAN nations can adopt and customize.

Education and engagement foster a sense of responsibility and collective action in preserving this vital resource.

mBridge’s potential to streamline transactions and reduce costs positions it as a game-changer in global finance.

By digitizing national currencies, central banks can potentially improve monetary policy effectiveness and mitigate risks associated with cash-based economies.

Collaborative efforts between central banks, financial institutions, and technology providers will be essential in navigating these complexities and maximizing the benefits of digital currencies.

As a result, developing countries frequently feel entrapped by strategies designed to keep them under control. This dynamic is reminiscent of the metaphor of elephants fighting, where the grass gets trampled.

The SCO envisions a world where countries collaborate to resolve their differences and work together towards regional security and development.

Instead, Pakistan must navigate its relationships carefully, ensuring that it remains committed to the SCO while maintaining its diplomatic engagements with other nations.

DNA is found in almost every cell and is inherited from our parents, determining traits ranging from physical characteristics to susceptibility to certain diseases. Essentially, DNA is the biological code that defines every living organism.

Drought-tolerant and disease-resistant rice varieties developed using molecular markers are prime examples of this advancement, ensuring food security in regions prone to environmental stresses.

These vaccines not only provided a swift response to the pandemic but also demonstrated the versatility and scalability of mRNA technology, paving the way for future vaccines against a range of infectious diseases.

The report analysed the impact of artificial intelligence and it could potentially alter the way information is shared, consumed and created.

As an economic giant, China has employed a multifaceted approach to infrastructure development in various states such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

Consequently, China’s exertions to establish peace in the Middle East region augment its diplomatic clout and challenge Western influence in the region.

Liu’s comments encapsulate the following paradigm that nothing can developmental or economic progress in Pakistan unless stability is attained within the country.

Investing in education and vocational training aligns with the broader goal of sustainable development and economic empowerment, ensuring that the youth are well-prepared to contribute to and benefit from these projects.

This unified stance among political leaders underscores the importance of internal stability for continued development and prosperity.

For Pakistan, the ever-enhancing menace of DLDD has risen to prominence owing to horrendous impact of climate change.

DLDD substantially decreases the access to water for drinking and agricultural practices, augmenting the risks of food insecurity, water crisis, and conflict.

Pakistan must deliver on its SDGs commitments for the restoration of lands and degraded ecosystems.

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