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Pakistan’s Strategy to Double Exports in Three Years

By
Syeda Aliza Jaffery
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The economic development of any country is closely tied to its export earnings.

The economic development of any country is closely tied to its export earnings. When the value of exports is low compared to imports, governments often have to increase tax rates and take loans to finance the country’s needs, leading to increased burdens on citizens and businesses alike. This situation can stifle economic growth and exacerbate financial problems. Recognizing the importance of export-led growth, Pakistan is now embarking on an ambitious plan to significantly boost its export earnings, setting a target of 60 billion dollars annually within the next three years.

Despite severe political uncertainty, the current government of Pakistan is prioritizing economic improvement, with a particular focus on rapidly increasing exports. Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif, in a recent address at the National Development and Exports Board meeting, set an ambitious target to elevate the nation’s exports to 60 billion dollars annually within the next three years. He announced that Pakistan’s exports have already surpassed 30 billion dollars this year and aims to double this figure in the coming three years. This bold target underscores the government’s commitment to reversing the country’s economic fortunes through enhanced trade performance.

Prime Minister Sharif emphasized the urgency of resolving exporters’ problems within two weeks, acknowledging the critical role of the private sector in the country’s economic development. He urged the Ministry of Commerce to collaborate with representatives from sectors with high export potential to finalize actionable proposals. This approach highlights the government’s recognition that a thriving private sector is essential for sustainable economic growth.

Engaging directly with industry leaders ensures that policies are not only theoretically sound but also practically implementable, addressing real-world challenges faced by exporters.

Moreover, the Prime Minister instructed the Ministry of Power to develop a comprehensive plan to reduce the cost of power generation for industries. Affordable electricity is crucial for boosting exports, as high energy costs can significantly reduce the competitiveness of Pakistani goods in international markets. Currently, the energy sector faces challenges not only from high rates but also from payments made to institutions for electricity that is not generated, based on their total capacity. Addressing this inefficiency is paramount to reducing costs and improving industrial output. Reducing power costs can also have a cascading effect, lowering production costs across various sectors, thereby making Pakistani goods more price-competitive globally.

The government’s plan to double exports involves several key strategies during at enhancing the capacity and competitiveness of Pakistani industries. First, there is a focus on diversifying the export base. Historically, Pakistan’s exports have been heavily reliant on a few key sectors, such as textiles and agriculture. While these sectors remain important, there is a concerted effort to develop other high-potential sectors such as information technology, pharmaceuticals, and engineering goods. Diversification not only helps mitigate risks associated with demand fluctuations in specific sectors but also taps into new and emerging global markets.

Another critical aspect of the government’s strategy is the technological upgradation and innovation within industries. To compete in the global market, Pakistani products must meet international standards in terms of quality and innovation. The government is therefore encouraging industries to adopt advanced technologies and modern production techniques. This includes providing incentives for research and development, facilitating technology transfer, and fostering partnerships between local firms and international technology providers.

By investing in innovation, Pakistan can produce high-value goods that command better prices in the international market.

Improving infrastructure is also a key component of the export growth strategy. Efficient transportation networks, reliable logistics, and state-of-the-art warehousing facilities are essential for the timely and cost-effective delivery of goods to international markets. The government is prioritizing infrastructure projects that support trade, such as the development of new ports, upgrading existing ones, and improving road and rail connectivity. These initiatives aim to reduce bottlenecks, lower transportation costs, and ensure that Pakistani products reach global markets faster and in better condition.

Securing favorable trade agreements and enhancing market access is another priority. The government is actively engaging in negotiations to secure preferential trade agreements with key trading partners. Such agreements can provide Pakistani exporters with reduced tariffs and other trade facilitation measures, making their products more competitive. Additionally, efforts are being made to explore new markets, particularly in regions like Africa, Central Asia, and South America, which offer significant untapped potential for Pakistani exports.

The Prime Minister also called for an urgent resolution to systemic issues such as corruption and unnecessary expenses, which are major hindrances to economic development. These inefficiencies drain valuable resources that could otherwise be used to enhance production capabilities and support export growth. The elimination of corruption is seen as crucial for creating a transparent and conducive business environment. Measures such as the implementation of strict anti-corruption laws, enhancing the efficiency of the judicial system, and promoting good governance practices are being emphasized.

Reducing bureaucratic red tape and simplifying regulatory procedures are also part of the strategy to make it easier for businesses to operate and export.

Providing financial support and incentives to exporters is another key element of the plan. The government is considering various measures, such as providing low-interest loans, offering tax incentives, and setting up export credit facilities to help businesses expand their production and enter new markets. Such financial support can be crucial for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which often face difficulties in accessing capital but have significant potential to contribute to export growth.

Recognizing the importance of a skilled workforce in driving export growth, the government is also focusing on skill development and workforce training. Initiatives are being launched to upgrade the skills of workers in key export sectors through vocational training programs, industry-academia partnerships, and on-the-job training schemes. By enhancing the skill levels of the workforce, industries can improve productivity and produce higher-quality goods that meet international standards.

Pakistan’s Strategic Partnership with China and the United States

By
Corinna Perini and Dr. Sahibzada M. Usman
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In the complex arena of international relations, Pakistan stands at a unique geopolitical crossroads.

In the complex arena of international relations, Pakistan stands at a unique geopolitical crossroads. Striving to maintain and strengthen its partnerships with both China and the United States, Pakistan seeks to leverage these relationships to foster economic growth, regional stability, and strategic security. This dual engagement, however, requires a delicate balance, given the contrasting dynamics and occasional tensions between these two global superpowers.

Historically, Pakistan’s relationships with China and the United States have evolved against the backdrop of shifting geopolitical landscapes. The Sino-Pakistan relationship, often described as “higher than the mountains, deeper than the oceans,” has been characterized by enduring strategic cooperation, particularly in defense and infrastructure development. This alliance was notably solidified during the 1960s when both countries found a common ground against India’s regional dominance. The construction of the Karakoram Highway, linking Pakistan and China through the Himalayan range, symbolized the deepening ties and mutual trust between the two nations. Conversely, Pakistan’s relationship with the United States has been more transactional and occasionally fraught with challenges. From being a frontline ally during the Cold War and the subsequent war on terror to experiencing periods of strained relations, Pakistan’s partnership with the U.S. has fluctuated based on changing geopolitical priorities and mutual interests.

The United States’ engagement with Pakistan has often been influenced by its broader strategic objectives in South Asia, particularly in relation to countering Soviet influence, managing the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, and addressing the ongoing conflict in Afghanistan.

Pakistan’s alignment with China is prominently manifested through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a flagship project under China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). CPEC aims to enhance connectivity and trade between the two nations, involving investments in infrastructure, energy, and industrial development. For Pakistan, CPEC represents a transformative opportunity to modernize its economy, create jobs, and address energy deficits. Projects such as the Gwadar Port, the development of Special Economic Zones (SEZs), and extensive road and rail networks are expected to significantly boost Pakistan’s economic landscape. In contrast, the United States has been a vital partner in sectors such as education, health, and counter-terrorism. U.S. aid and investment have significantly contributed to Pakistan’s socio-economic development. Programs such as the U.S.-Pakistan Knowledge Corridor aim to strengthen educational ties and foster innovation, while collaboration in counter-terrorism has been pivotal in ensuring regional security. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has played a crucial role in funding initiatives that support agricultural development, healthcare improvements, and educational advancements in Pakistan.

Maintaining robust relations with both China and the United States necessitates a nuanced diplomatic strategy. Pakistan must navigate the complexities of U.S.-China rivalry, ensuring that its partnerships with both nations are not perceived as mutually exclusive or adversarial. The challenge lies in harmonizing Pakistan’s strategic interests with the often competing agendas of China and the U.S. Prime Minister Imran Khan’s government has articulated a vision of pursuing an “independent foreign policy” that prioritizes Pakistan’s national interests while engaging constructively with all major global powers. This approach underscores Pakistan’s intent to diversify its foreign relations, reduce dependency on any single country, and enhance its strategic autonomy.

The emphasis on an independent foreign policy reflects a broader trend in Pakistan’s diplomatic efforts to assert its sovereignty and decision-making independence in the international arena.

The primary challenge for Pakistan in managing its dual alliances lies in addressing the divergent expectations and strategic interests of China and the United States. For instance, China’s strategic objectives in South Asia often clash with those of the U.S., particularly concerning India. Additionally, Pakistan’s alignment with China’s Belt and Road Initiative occasionally raises concerns in Washington about debt sustainability and regional influence. However, Pakistan can turn these challenges into opportunities by positioning itself as a bridge for dialogue and cooperation between China and the United States. By fostering a conducive environment for trilateral engagement, Pakistan can play a pivotal role in promoting regional stability and addressing global issues such as terrorism, climate change, and economic disparity. The potential for Pakistan to facilitate dialogue and understanding between China and the U.S. could enhance its role as a mediator and peacebuilder in the region. Pakistan’s strategic location also offers significant geopolitical advantages that can be leveraged in its dual alliances. Situated at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East, Pakistan’s geostrategic position provides it with access to key maritime and overland trade routes. This geographic advantage enhances Pakistan’s potential to act as a critical link in regional and global trade networks, benefiting from increased connectivity and economic integration.

In addition to economic and diplomatic engagement, defense and security cooperation form a crucial aspect of Pakistan’s relationships with both China and the United States. With China, Pakistan has a longstanding defense partnership that includes joint military exercises, defense technology transfers, and strategic collaboration. The two countries have cooperated on various defense projects, including the development of the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet and the acquisition of advanced military equipment.

On the other hand, Pakistan’s security cooperation with the United States has been pivotal in addressing regional security challenges. The partnership has involved joint counter-terrorism operations, intelligence sharing, and military training programs.

Despite occasional strains, such as the suspension of military aid, the U.S.-Pakistan security relationship remains a critical component of the broader bilateral ties.

Public perception and soft power also play an essential role in shaping Pakistan’s relationships with China and the United States. The cultural and educational exchanges between Pakistan and these two nations have fostered mutual understanding and goodwill. Chinese language and cultural centers in Pakistan, such as the Confucius Institutes, promote Chinese culture and language learning. Similarly, U.S. educational programs and scholarships for Pakistani students have created lasting people-to-people connections.

Moreover, Pakistan’s diaspora in the United States contributes significantly to the bilateral relationship. The Pakistani-American community serves as a bridge between the two countries, fostering cultural exchange, economic ties, and political advocacy. The positive contributions of the diaspora enhance the soft power dimension of Pakistan’s relationship with the United States.

In a world increasingly defined by great power competition, Pakistan’s pursuit of strong partnerships with both China and the United States reflects a pragmatic and forward-looking foreign policy. By leveraging its strategic location, historical ties, and economic potential, Pakistan aims to navigate the complexities of international relations and ensure a prosperous and secure future for its people.

As Pakistan continues to strengthen its dual alliances, the key lies in maintaining a balanced and independent approach that prioritizes national interests while fostering global cooperation.

This strategic balancing act, though challenging, holds the promise of elevating Pakistan’s stature on the world stage and contributing to a more interconnected and peaceful world.

In essence, Pakistan’s dual engagement with China and the United States represents a sophisticated and dynamic foreign policy strategy. It underscores Pakistan’s commitment to leveraging its unique geopolitical position to foster economic growth, enhance regional stability, and assert its role as a significant player in global affairs. By navigating the intricacies of these relationships with skill and foresight, Pakistan aspires to achieve a harmonious and mutually beneficial partnership with both China and the United States, ultimately contributing to its long-term national development goals.

The Changing Face of Nuclear Weapons

By
Syed Umair Jalal
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For over 70 years, nuclear weapons have played a significant role in shaping global dynamics, reflecting their evolution into a modern-day phenomenon.

For over 70 years, nuclear weapons have played a significant role in shaping global dynamics, reflecting their evolution into a modern-day phenomenon. This transformation is evident in art, literature, and film worldwide. Today, nuclear weapons symbolize national power and international status, profoundly impacting global security. However, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 and the numerous nuclear tests conducted globally remain tragic historical episodes that have raised serious ethical and philosophical concerns. Attitudes toward nuclear weapons have evolved significantly over time, reflecting the complexity and gravity of their impact.

At the dawn of the nuclear era, which began with the first nuclear test on July 16, 1945, nuclear weapons were seen as regular bombs, albeit more powerful. During the 1950s and 1960s, many advanced countries pursued nuclear weapons, perceiving no significant distinction between nuclear and conventional arms. Military strategies of this period did not differentiate between the two, viewing nuclear weapons as crucial tools on the battlefield. As a result, nuclear bombs were incorporated into military doctrines and employed during conflicts, emphasizing their tactical importance. The development and use of nuclear weapons during this period were driven by a belief in their strategic superiority. The devastation caused by conventional bombings in World War II underscored the potential efficiency of nuclear weapons in achieving swift, decisive victories.

As such, the early nuclear arms race saw countries like the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and France, among others, rapidly develop and test their own nuclear arsenals. The goal was to achieve a deterrent capability that would prevent adversaries from contemplating aggression.

The realization that nuclear weapons posed a threat to global security and human civilization’s advancement emerged gradually. The Korean War marked a pivotal moment, as it led to the transfer of the decision to use nuclear weapons from military to political leadership in the United States. This shift was significant as it recognized the catastrophic consequences of nuclear war, demanding a higher level of prudence and political judgment in decision-making.

The Cuban Missile Crisis further underscored the dangers of nuclear conflict, bringing humanity to the brink of disaster. In October 1962, the world watched as the United States and Soviet Union faced off over the deployment of Soviet missiles in Cuba. The crisis highlighted the precarious nature of nuclear brinkmanship and the potential for miscalculation. It became clear that the unregulated proliferation and use of nuclear weapons could lead to unparalleled destruction. This crisis highlighted the necessity for legal, ideally global, oversight on the use of nuclear weapons and technology for military purposes. The recognition of the catastrophic potential of an unregulated nuclear arms race compelled the USA and USSR to engage in negotiations. In the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the world’s leading nuclear powers began discussions on both bilateral and multilateral agreements to regulate nuclear technology and weapons. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was a significant milestone in these efforts. Signed in 1968 and coming into force in 1970, the NPT aimed to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons, promote disarmament, and facilitate the peaceful use of nuclear energy. Since the 1960s, nuclear weapons have transitioned from battlefield tools to instruments of political strategy. In 1995, the NPT member states agreed to extend the treaty indefinitely, showcasing their commitment to upholding the nuclear non-proliferation regime. The establishment of the NPT represented a major shift in international relations, where the possession of nuclear weapons was no longer solely about military capability but also about international responsibility and cooperation. This shift reflected a broader understanding that nuclear weapons, if unchecked, could lead to mutual annihilation. As a result, nuclear weapons began to serve as deterrents rather than instruments of war, shaping national security policies based on the concept of mutually assured destruction (MAD).

The 1990s saw major nuclear states, including France, the UK, the US, and Russia, significantly reduce their nuclear arsenals. These reductions, achieved through both unilateral and bilateral efforts, marked a crucial step toward ending the nuclear arms race. Treaties such as the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) and its successors played key roles in formalizing these reductions and establishing verification mechanisms to ensure compliance. This period highlighted the evolving nature of public opinion and military doctrines concerning nuclear weapons. By the 1960s, nuclear weapons were no longer used on the battlefield, and the 1990s further bolstered disarmament and non-proliferation norms. Public awareness and activism, driven by the devastating long-term effects of nuclear weapons on human health and the environment, pressured governments to pursue disarmament initiatives.

The horror of potential nuclear winter scenarios, where widespread nuclear detonations could lead to global climatic disruptions, further fueled the disarmament movement.

Today, the state of nuclear deterrence faces new challenges due to rapid technological advancements and shifting global power dynamics. Efforts by nuclear-armed states like the United States, Russia, and China to modernize their nuclear capabilities have raised concerns about a potential new arms race. Recent political tensions, including those related to Ukraine and cybersecurity, have strained international relations and influenced nuclear strategies among these major powers. The current global situation, characterized by strategic competition between the U.S. and China and deteriorating U.S.-Russia relations, underscores the fragile balance of nuclear stability. The modernization of nuclear arsenals involves developing new delivery systems, warhead designs, and enhanced command-and-control infrastructures. These advancements aim to ensure the credibility and reliability of nuclear deterrents in the face of emerging threats, such as cyber-attacks on nuclear command systems and the proliferation of advanced missile defenses. However, these efforts also raise the specter of a renewed arms race, as nations seek to outmatch each other’s technological capabilities.

Despite the evolving landscape, the possibility of renewed battlefield use of nuclear weapons remains a concern. Technological advancements and global dynamics could alter the military strategies of nuclear-capable countries, potentially leading to a renewed emphasis on nuclear arms in conflict scenarios. While the likelihood of a large-scale nuclear conflict may seem remote, the ongoing conflict in Ukraine has prompted Russia to issue nuclear threats against NATO. This development highlights the vulnerability of the existing nuclear equilibrium and the potential for escalation. Moreover, regional conflicts involving nuclear-armed states, such as the tensions between India and Pakistan, continue to pose significant risks.

The potential for miscalculation or inadvertent escalation in these regions remains high, underscoring the need for robust communication and confidence-building measures to prevent nuclear confrontations.

Eventually, the evolution of nuclear weapons from battlefield tools to political instruments reflects a complex interplay of technological, strategic, and ethical considerations. The ongoing modernization efforts by the United States and Russia signal a potential new arms race, while political developments, such as the Ukraine conflict, underscore the enduring relevance of nuclear weapons in global politics. The Biden administration’s concerns about the costs and strategic implications of the U.S. nuclear modernization program further illustrate the complexities of maintaining nuclear stability in a changing world. The outcome of the Ukraine conflict, with Russia using nuclear threats as a political strategy, may influence global nuclear relations for years to come, potentially legitimizing nuclear coercion and impacting international security.

The journey of nuclear weapons from their inception to the present day underscores the profound impact they have had on international relations and global security. As we navigate the challenges of the 21st century, it is imperative to continue striving for a world where nuclear weapons are relegated to history, ensuring a safer and more stable future for all.

A New Era of Palestinian Unity

By
Prof. Andrea Francioni
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In a landmark development, reconciliation efforts among 14 Palestinian factions, including the prominent resistance movements Al-Fatah and Hamas, have achieved significant success under the auspices of China.

In a landmark development, reconciliation efforts among 14 Palestinian factions, including the prominent resistance movements Al-Fatah and Hamas, have achieved significant success under the auspices of China. This historic agreement has culminated in the establishment of an interim government of national reconciliation, set to administer Gaza and the West Bank until new elections are conducted. This pivotal moment in Palestinian history brings renewed hope for unity and a peaceful resolution to longstanding conflicts.

The Beijing Declaration, signed by all participating factions, represents a significant diplomatic achievement. The declaration underscores the commitment of these factions to work together for the common good of the Palestinian people. This unity is seen as indispensable for achieving peace, justice, and statehood. Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif of Pakistan has praised this diplomatic success, highlighting China’s crucial role in facilitating the agreement. According to Sharif, unity among Palestinian groups is essential for the realization of their aspirations for peace and self-determination.

The agreement has rekindled hopes for lasting peace in a region long plagued by conflict. Pakistan, a steadfast supporter of the Palestinian cause, endorses a two-state solution, advocating for the establishment of an independent Palestinian state along pre-1967 borders, with Al-Quds (Jerusalem) as its capital.

This vision aligns with international efforts to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and underscores the importance of diplomatic solutions.

The unity efforts come at a critical time when the Palestinian territories have experienced severe turmoil. Over forty-nine thousand Palestinians have been martyred during a nine-and-a-half-month war between Israel and Hamas. The Zionist Army’s latest offensive on eastern Khan Yunis in southern Gaza resulted in the martyrdom of 84 Palestinians, highlighting the ongoing violence and the urgent need for a unified response. The historical animosity between Hamas and Al-Fatah, which began after Hamas’ victory in the 2006 elections and subsequent clashes leading to Al-Fatah’s expulsion from Gaza, had resulted in deep-seated divisions. Despite the onset of the Israeli war in Gaza on October 7, 2023, both groups continued to exchange accusations, highlighting the persistent rift. Currently, Hamas governs Gaza, while Al-Fatah controls the Palestinian Authority, which partially administers the West Bank.

National unity among the Palestinian factions is crucial for several reasons. First and foremost, it presents a united front in the struggle for self-determination. A divided leadership weakens the Palestinian cause and makes it more challenging to achieve international support. The Beijing Declaration aims to overcome these divisions by fostering cooperation and collaboration among the factions. Secondly, a unified government can better address the needs of the Palestinian people. The interim government of national reconciliation will be responsible for administering both Gaza and the West Bank, ensuring that essential services are provided and that the rights of Palestinians are upheld. This government will also prepare the ground for democratic elections, allowing the Palestinian people to choose their leaders and shape their future.

China’s role in mediating the reconciliation process has been pivotal. By hosting the talks and facilitating dialogue among the factions, China has demonstrated its commitment to international peace and stability. This diplomatic success underscores China’s growing influence in the Middle East and its willingness to engage in complex regional issues.

The Beijing Declaration reflects China’s strategic interests in promoting stability and fostering positive relations with the Palestinian people.

The international community has welcomed the reconciliation agreement, recognizing its potential to bring about lasting peace in the region. The unity among Palestinian factions is seen as a positive step towards resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The agreement has also garnered support from various countries and international organizations, which view it as a crucial development in the pursuit of peace and justice. The establishment of an interim government of national reconciliation has significant implications for the future of the Palestinian territories. It signals a shift towards greater cooperation and collaboration among Palestinian factions, which can lead to more effective governance and improved living conditions for the Palestinian people. Additionally, the agreement strengthens the Palestinian position in negotiations with Israel, enhancing their ability to advocate for their rights and aspirations.

Despite the optimism surrounding the Beijing Declaration, significant challenges remain. The longstanding divisions between Hamas and Al-Fatah will not be easily overcome, and it will require sustained effort and commitment from all parties to maintain unity. Additionally, the ongoing conflict with Israel poses a formidable obstacle to achieving lasting peace. The interim government will need to navigate these challenges while also addressing the pressing needs of the Palestinian people. This includes providing essential services, ensuring security, and preparing for democratic elections.

The international community will play a crucial role in supporting these efforts and holding the parties accountable to their commitments.

The success of the reconciliation agreement and the establishment of an interim government of national reconciliation represent a significant step forward for the Palestinian cause. It offers a renewed sense of hope and optimism for the future, demonstrating that unity is possible even in the face of longstanding divisions and conflict. As the Palestinian factions move forward with their commitment to national reconciliation, it is essential to build on this momentum and continue working towards a peaceful and just resolution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The international community must also remain engaged, providing support and encouragement to the Palestinian people as they navigate this critical juncture in their history.

The unity among Palestinian factions, facilitated by China’s diplomatic efforts, marks a new dawn for the Palestinian people. The Beijing Declaration has brought renewed hope for peace, justice, and statehood, highlighting the importance of unity in the Palestinian struggle for self-determination. As the interim government of national reconciliation begins its work, the journey towards lasting peace and the realization of a sovereign Palestinian state continues, with the support of the international community and the unwavering determination of the Palestinian people.

The Real Cost of IPPs in Pakistan

By
Saba Kiran
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Pakistan has experienced a significant increase in the installation of power plants intended to address the country's chronic power crisis.

In recent decades, Pakistan has experienced a significant increase in the installation of power plants intended to address the country’s chronic power crisis. These Independent Power Producers (IPPs) were initially celebrated as critical players in stabilizing the nation’s energy supply. However, the reality has turned out to be far more complex. While IPPs have indeed become an integral part of Pakistan’s power infrastructure, the financial burdens they impose have proven to be unsustainable and detrimental to both the economy and the general populace.

Payments to IPPs, known as “Capacity Payments,” are escalating at an alarming rate. These payments, intended to ensure a reliable power supply, have paradoxically led to exorbitant electricity prices. The impact on the industrial sector has been severe, causing widespread closures, and for the average citizen, paying for basic electricity has become an increasingly unaffordable luxury. This has resulted in a significant decline in the quality of life for many Pakistanis.

A staggering amount of additional payments, totaling trillions of rupees, are being funneled to government IPPs as capacity charges. Former Federal Commerce Minister Dr. Gohar Ijaz points out that 45% of these charges are borne by government IPPs.

Meanwhile, coal-fired IPPs account for 25%, and wind and RLNG-powered plants are charging capacity fees equivalent to 100% of their production, despite operating at less than 50% capacity.

A critical issue plaguing the power sector is that no power plant has managed to operate at full capacity for even a single day since agreements with these IPPs were inked. This inefficiency has turned IPPs into economic parasites, draining the national economy. Capacity charges are paid for approximately 50% of unused electricity, covering bank loans, financial expenses, fixed operational costs, and profits, all sanctioned by the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA).

NEPRA estimates that in the fiscal year 2024-25, electricity consumption will rise by at least 3%, with a total generation of 130 billion units. The total cost of these units, including production, purchase, and delivery, will be around 3227 billion rupees. Out of this, 161 billion rupees will be spent on electricity costs, including fuel and maintenance, while 116 billion rupees will be allocated to capacity charges.

The actual cost of electricity represents only 35% of the total power purchase price, with the remaining 65% attributed to capacity charges. This discrepancy underscores the inefficiencies in power management and distribution.

NEPRA’s estimates suggest that without transmission losses, the power purchase price per unit should be Rs. 17.66. Yet, the average national power purchase price is fixed at Rs. 27 per unit for 2024-25.

The situation for consumers is dire. After accounting for transmission and recovery losses, the average national price per unit is projected to be between Rs. 65 to Rs. 72. The financial burden is exacerbated by additional taxes, duties, surcharges, and adjustments. In the last fiscal year alone, consumers paid an extra Rs. 245 billion due to higher tariffs. For 2024-25, an increased tariff is expected to generate additional revenues of Rs. 485 billion for Distribution Companies (DISCOs). Consumers will also be subjected to an 18% sales tax and other levies, adding up to 580 billion rupees.

The exorbitant electricity costs are causing widespread distress. People are forced to sell valuable possessions to pay their bills, and many industrial units have shut down due to prohibitive production costs. The impact on the national economy is profound, with reduced industrial output, increased unemployment, and a subsequent rise in poverty levels. This situation demands urgent government intervention to curb electricity prices.

To alleviate this crisis, the government must abandon the policy of indiscriminate electricity price hikes. Legislative measures should be taken to ensure payments to IPPs are made only for the electricity actually purchased. This approach would provide a foundation for renegotiating IPP contracts. By addressing the root causes of inefficiency and overpayment, the government can establish a more equitable and sustainable energy sector.

Beyond legislative measures, improving the efficiency of electricity distribution companies is crucial. Better management practices can significantly reduce operational costs and minimize losses. For instance, investing in modern infrastructure, reducing transmission losses, and ensuring timely maintenance can enhance overall efficiency.

NEPRA’s own estimates indicate that with improved management, the cost of electricity can be further reduced, alleviating some of the financial burdens on consumers.

In the long run, diversifying the energy mix by incorporating more renewable energy sources can help mitigate the reliance on expensive IPPs. Solar, wind, and hydroelectric power offer more sustainable and cost-effective alternatives. Investing in renewable energy infrastructure not only reduces the dependency on fossil fuels but also lowers the overall cost of electricity production.

Encouraging public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the energy sector can also drive improvements. PPPs can bring in private sector expertise, efficiency, and investment, while the government provides regulatory support and oversight. This collaboration can lead to more innovative solutions and better resource management, ultimately benefiting consumers and the economy.

The initial promise of IPPs in solving Pakistan’s power crisis has been overshadowed by financial and operational inefficiencies. To truly address the problem, comprehensive reforms in the energy sector are needed. These reforms should focus on better management, increased efficiency, and a fair pricing mechanism that does not unduly burden consumers and the national economy. Legislative actions, investments in renewable energy, and public-private partnerships are essential steps toward a more sustainable and equitable power supply. Only through these measures can Pakistan hope to overcome its energy challenges and secure a brighter future for its citizens.

The Moral Dilemmas of Fighting Terrorism and Guerrilla Groups by Jean-François Caron

By
Naila Ahmed
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The potential and practical problems of state-counter terrorism and guerrilla groups as a phenomenon.

The potential and practical problems of state-counter terrorism and guerrilla groups as a phenomenon, its moral consequences have been discussed a lot in the works of Jean-François Caron’s book titled Moral Dilemmas of Fighting Terrorism and Guerrilla Groups. The book is rather critical of distinguishing between the two kinds of violence and specifically focuses on the ethical problems of the West, in particular after September 11, 2001.

Caron starts by describing the growing western knowledge of terrorism after monumental attacks including the 9/11 attacks, the 2004 Madrid Train bombings, 2005 London bombings and the more recent Paris’ attacks in 2015. These events are good examples of terrorism’s lethal endangering of innocent lives and its continued menace. But as Caron has noted it terrorism is not a youthful creation but a way of ancient political violence as recognized by Walter Liqueur. This is a long standing method that has been employed from the dawn of time by small factions against state officials or non-combatants.

Caron’s main objectives therefore include a proper explanation of terrorism and the difference between this and guerrilla activity. He therefore dispels the binary thinking of how terrorism is portrayed as barbaric and irrational mainly fueled by divinity while guerrilla warfare is portrayed as noble and rational with the underlying objective of attaining national liberation. Caron’s argument is based on history facts and it tries to provide arguments that terrorist action as some operational modus can be a reasonable strategy for groups which fights for providing national liberation and religious motivations can sometime lead to avoidance of violent actions.

These violent images differ significantly from the irrational/ rational and the barbarian/ civilized distinctions often employed to compare these two types of violence.

State and Non-State Actors

Caron deals with an assumption that terrorism is something that can be practiced only by non-state actors. He points to the fact that while some states said to be the sole legitimate users of force condemn non-state actors as regards force and immoral. He tackles etymologies of the word terrorism which originated from ‘terrorism’ in French, noting the usage of terror by states in

revolution France. Caron also supports its arguments by historical examples such as the Britain during the WWII, which used terrorism in the form equal to that used by current non-state actors, thus disproving the idea that terrorism is solely performed by the organizations that are not states.

Ethical Dilemmas in Counterterrorism

The book explores the ethical dilemmas in the fight against terrorism, identifying three primary challenges: Safeguard citizens’ lives compared to inflicting collateral damage / unnecessary loss of lives to foreigners. Knowing the whereabouts and plans of a terrorist group through torturing the captured terrorists versus paying respect to their non-combatant positions. Between ending conflict and deliberately attacking civilians to get to the result of no conflict. Therefore, the author raises two primary issues in the performance of moral complexity regarding actions of the states, and inevitable violations of the moral standards irrespective of the decisions made.

Caron also explores the ethnocentricity or the guerrilla warfare moral claim that guerrilla warfare’s actions have to be questioned.

Philosophical and Ethical Analysis

Author employs different ethical theories in dissecting the state’s responses to terrorism and guerrilla warfare. He expresses his dissatisfaction with two broad categories of ethical theories; the utilitarian and the deontological theories. Caron highlighted how both visions lack the sufficient tools to solve the ethical issue of asymmetric warfare. The measure of philosophical scrutiny therefore reveals the ethical dilemmas that pervade counterterrorism and challenges reader’s perception so as to grasp the multi-layered ethical domain, which states engage in during such fights.

Legal Considerations

Caron focuses in his work on ethics and international law and the relations between the laws of war and human rights. He talks about matters of legal concern explaining that legal systems are dinosaurian in terms of adaptability to occasions of terrorism and guerrilla exploitation, that show lack of legal opportunity and moral chance. Furthermore, even though Caron’s book provides extensive ethical and philosophical consideration, it offers comparatively limited epistemic direction on counterterrorism planning and approach. The book successfully defines ethical issues arising from state actions while presenting less information on how they can be resolved practically. Some practitioners may also consider this deficit as a weakness because the guidelines provided themselves as well as the recommendations are not strictly instructive for the practitioner in applying to policy and strategy.

It is worth mentioning that Moral Dilemmas of Fighting Terrorism and Guerrilla Groups constitutes a valuable addition to the existing body of knowledge in the phenomenon of political violence. Caron’s attention to ethics in the broadest sense, cross disciplinary framework and philosophically sophisticated argument make this book an indispensable guide to experiencing

moral hard cases posed by states’ counter-terrorism and counter-guerrilla warfare. Due to the involvement of abstract ideas and extensive use of terminology, the book effectively trying to enhance attentiveness to the ethical issues in counterterrorism, inviting to consider global challenges more critically.

Terrorism and Economy

By
Mian Ahmad Raza Maneka
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Terrorism and Economic

Pakistan has seen various ups and downs in the last few decades. The developments in our region compelled policymakers in Islamabad and Rawalpindi to reconsider their economic and foreign as well as strategic policies to align them with the current changing geostrategic environment in the region. Likewise, the global conflicts especially wars in Ukraine and Palestine pushed the third-world countries on the brink of economic collapse. Despite facing tough global conditions such as rising economies oil prices, the countries struggling to find alternative ways to boost their economies.

Pakistan’s government and armed forces both are on the same page and working tirelessly to uplift the country and provide safe and secure platforms to domestic and foreign investors, who aim to establish businesses in the country. For that matter, the government of Pakistan established the Special Investment Facilitation Council (SIFC), which is an apex body to determine and facilitate investors. Prime Minster is head of the SIFC and Army Chief is also a member of the body along with senior government officials.

Pakistan’s SIFC leads efforts to attract global investment.

The sole purpose of SIFC is to garner and facilitate maximum foreign investment, particularly from friendly states such as Middle Eastern countries. Recently, business delegations from various countries have visited Pakistan to explore economic as well as business opportunities. The visiting delegations held extensive meetings with Pakistani counterparts and government officials. They also held extensive talks with military officials as well to get the overall picture of the security situation in the country.

Pakistani government made it clear that it will not tolerate any kind of negligence in economic activities. A few elements have been trying to destabilize the country to create the impression that the law and order situation is not favourable for foreign investment. However, Pakistani forces are acting against these anti-state actors, who are out to spread chaos among the masses. With the successful operations against them, global investors have agreed to come to Pakistan and invest in the country; which is a practical demonstration of our armed forces’ valour, commitment and determination to eradicate this menace of terrorism. With this, various states such as UAE, KSA and Qatar have announced to invest in Pakistan in various sectors. They have also finalized their PC-1 of some projects. These projects are likely to create employment opportunities for local people and also boost the confidence of other investors.

UAE and Qatar commit to investing in Pakistan’s economy.

In this changing global strategic environment, economic bonding is playing a crucial role in shaping up the policies. States are setting aside their differences and working for economic integration. Such kind of actions prevent conflicts/ wars and enhance economic opportunities, which ultimately have positive implications for future political and economic ties of states. In developed states, we have seen various agreements, which are boosting their global standing while preventing terrorism and extremism. These economic and security accords are the major reason for their development. Unfortunately, developing states are unable to follow these models and follow propaganda narratives for political, economic and strategic gains.

Pakistan is following the model of developed states to enhance its global economic standing. It has engaged various states and organizations for that matter, which yields positive results. SIFC is a major player in this regard, which has successfully grabbed the confidence of local and foreign investors. Unfortunately, some hostile and anti-state elements are trying to spread fake propaganda against Pakistan’s economic outreach and SIFC. They are maligning the state and its department for political gains.

Government and military unite to address anti-state threats and enhance confidence.

To counter the fake propaganda of these hostile elements, the Pakistani government with the help of armed forces established a special cell. The purpose of this cell is to identify anti-state elements and stop them from spreading fake information. For that matter, our law enforcement agencies are also helping the government to stop these elements from further creating chaos in society. They have successfully eradicated this cycle of misinformation and keeping a vigilant eye on these elements.

The role of the masses is very important to deal with these anti-state elements, who are working on the agenda of hostile elements. No war or operation can be won without the support of the masses. It is the responsibility of the masses to critically evaluate any anti-state material before making any decision or mindset. Hostile elements are using fifth-generation warfare to spread venom against the government and its departments.

New cell set up to tackle misinformation and bolster economic initiatives.

The announcement to set up business activities in Pakistan by foreign investors is likely to enhance our economic outreach and will also compel other states to revisit their approach towards Pakistan particularly in the economic domain. Pakistan is pitching for aggressive economic diplomacy with regional and global partners, which will help the country out of its economic crisis. It is high time for global investors to take maximum benefits out of the government’s business-friendly initiatives.

Nuclear Deterrence: Fueling Instability in South Asia?

By
Tayyaba Khurshid
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Nuclear Deterrence

The inherent structure of International politics compels states to maximize their power and rely on advanced weapons and technology to maintain dominance and edge over the enemy to ensure survival. But when a state increases its power, it instigates the insecurity of the enemy causing an arms race. The India-Pakistan relationship presents the best example, where India has been continuously involved in maximizing its power by integrating all means of power-(focusing on air, land, sea, nuclear, space, and cyberspace) and compelling Pakistan to follow the path for its security and survival.

The South Asian strategic environment is filled with mistrust, animosity, and hostility. The leadership in India and Pakistan relies on past experiences for the future course of relations. And present situation presents no progress in bilateral relations paving hurdles for the normalization of ties, trade, and arms control efforts. The past relations, unresolved Kashmir Issue, and resulting mistrust have led them to focus on building up weapons and modernizing their nuclear forces.

India and Pakistan are among the top 5 arms importers, with Asia being the largest region to receive arms in 2023, according to SIPRI Yearbook 2024.

They rely on deterrence offered by nuclear weapons without arms control efforts to maintain strategic stability. Hence, the continuous reliance on aggressive means without bilateral arms control arrangements is destabilizing the South Asian strategic environment. This demands comprehensive bilateral arms control initiatives between both states.

According to SIPRI Yearbook 2024, India and Pakistan are two of the top 5 arms importers for 2023 and Asia was the largest region to receive arms. The growing reliance on arms and modernization of nuclear forces is due to the mistrust resulting from Territorial issues, and lack of dialogue. This has resulted in the unwillingness of both states to move towards arms control initiatives. India has 172 warheads, 2 more than Pakistan standing at 170 warheads as per the SIPRI yearbook.

India’s nuclear arsenal stands at 172 warheads, compared to Pakistan’s 170, reflecting a continuous increase in nuclear capabilities.

It reflects that India is continuously increasing its nuclear arsenals. The overall global nuclear arsenals have also increased and currently 12121 nuclear weapons are present out of which 9585 are ready for deployment in military stocks. The existing global arms control initiatives have also declined and too much attention and war in Europe and the Middle East has increased the proliferation concerns worldwide. South Asia remains one of the nuclear flashpoints with a long-standing issue of Kashmir. India has been actively involved in building long-range capabilities that transcend Pakistan and China and target Europe now.

Moreover, the South Asian force structure relies too much on deterrence without focusing on arms control initiatives. Currently, there is no bilateral treaty between two South Asian rivals to control nuclear proliferation in the region and both states are non-party to various multilateral arms control frameworks due to their political differences. Neither, does the environment suggest any mutual consent to improve the situation.

The unresolved Kashmir issue and mutual mistrust hinder bilateral arms control efforts and contribute to regional instability.

Arms Control is one of the important pillars to attain strategic stability and is considered as a good cop as it can only be achieved through mutual trust, confidence, and negotiations. The India and Pakistan relation reflects that both states are still not ready to negotiate as the long-standing issue of Kashmir is still unresolved. Moreover, India blamed Pakistan’s involvement in cross-border terrorism, and the aim of isolating Pakistan at the international forum has been pivotal in shaping the animosity further. The Indian leadership has opted for an aggressive posture to deal with Pakistan and the Pakistani side is also reluctant to improve the relationship with India over Kashmir after the abrogation of the special status of Kashmir.

The strategic environment of South Asia can be improved if both states will develop trust and move towards resolving their issues through negotiation and dialogue. Too much reliance on nuclear weapons and modernizing force posture by both states is only instigating an arms race in the region that is detrimental to South Asian Stability. The long term peace can be attained through mutual respect, negotiation on issues, moving towards conflict resolution, and building trust that leads to bilateral arms control mechanisms.

Currently, no bilateral treaty exists between India and Pakistan to control nuclear proliferation, and both states are non-parties to various multilateral arms control frameworks.

While states are too self-centric and pursue their interest in International politics, but too much modernization without arms control efforts will be at the cost of South Asian peace and stability. The 2024 year has been an election year in both India and Pakistan. Elections have taken place, two new governments are at the helm, there is a need for the two governments should take the initial steps for dialogue and find solutions that might eventually lead to enhanced trust and confidence paving the way for arms control initiatives. Only through dialogue and mutual agreement, the arms race in South Asia can be replaced with arms control arrangements.

Consulate Under Siege: The Frankfurt Attack

By
Arshad Mehmood
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Frankfurt consulate

Pakistan strongly condemned the attack by a group of extremists on the Frankfurt consulate, Germany, on July 20. South Asia’s largest Muslim-populated and nuclear state also criticized the German authorities for failing to protect the sanctity and security of the consular premises.

Pakistan condemns the extremist attack on its consulate in Frankfurt, urging Germany to protect consular premises under the Vienna Convention.

Foreign Office spokesperson Mumtaz Zahra Baloch said in a statement “Under the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, it is the responsibility of the host government to protect the sanctity of the consular premises and ensure the security of diplomats”. “We also urge the German authorities to take immediate measures to arrest and prosecute those involved in yesterday’s incident and hold accountable those responsible for the lapses in security,” she said.

The statement emphasized that “the security breach at Pakistan’s consulate in Frankfurt endangered the lives of its consular staff”. It also added, “We are conveying our strong protest to the German Government”. On Sunday, Pakistan’s Foreign Office summoned Germany’s ambassador to Islamabad, Alfred Grannas, to express concerns over an attack on its Frankfurt consulate by what it described as a “gang of extremists.”

Prime Minister Shahbaz Sharif orders NADRA to identify the attackers using photographs.

According to various media reports, the attackers were reportedly Afghan nationals who pelted the consulate with stones during their protest. There are reports that they also tried burning the Pakistani flag. From the pictures, it is evident that most of the protesters outside the Pakistani consulate were holding Afghan flags. According to German media, the demonstration aimed to spotlight grievances against Pakistan’s law enforcement agencies.

It further stated that “During the protest, a small group of men forcibly entered the consulate grounds and threw stones at the building. A video on social media showed individuals climbing a pole to remove the Pakistani flag. Police, who were present with the protesters, intervened by removing several individuals from the premises and dispersing the crowd. Frankfurt police have stated that the State Security division is investigating the incident”.

Attackers, reportedly Afghan nationals, protested against Pakistan’s law enforcement agencies.

Meanwhile, Prime Minister Shahbaz Sharif, taking strict notice of the incident, has directed the Chairman of NADRA to trace the individuals involved using photographs. He also emphasized that the German authorities should be supported in this effort. According to sources, the German authorities have arrested several protesters. The situation has drawn significant attention from the global community, raising concerns about the security of diplomatic venues.

The majority of Afghan refugees living in Germany have previously resettled from Pakistan. Pakistan remains the world’s largest host country for Afghan refugees, with an estimated 4 million Afghans currently residing there. Although they hold Pakistani identity papers, many still express animosity towards Pakistan when given the opportunity.

Several protesters were arrested by German authorities following the incident.

The ongoing tension between Pakistan and Afghanistan is influenced by various factors, including Pakistan’s deportation of millions of undocumented Afghan residents. Official data indicates that approximately 600,000 Afghans have returned to their country so far. However, the deportation process has been halted for one year following intervention from other countries, including the United Nations.

Muhammed Asif Khawaja, Pakistan‘s Defence Minister remarked that Pakistan must reconsider its approach to hosting Afghan nationals. He emphasized that despite Pakistan’s extensive support and sacrifices—including its involvement in conflicts on behalf of Afghanistan—there remains a deep-seated resentment from the Afghan population.

The attack underscores the need for stronger diplomatic security measures globally.

Asif suggested that the ongoing tension and dissatisfaction might require Pakistan to reevaluate its policies and strategies regarding Afghan refugees and its broader relationship with Afghanistan. It is reported that Afghan refugees living in Germany protested outside the Pakistani consulate following the death of Pashto poet Gilaman Wazir in Islamabad.

Gilaman Wazir, whose real name was Hazrat Naeem, was a prominent leader of the Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM). He was attacked by unknown gunmen in Islamabad on July 7 and succumbed to head injuries on 11 July. A case has been registered to investigate the incident. Former Afghan Presidents Hamid Karzai and Ashraf Ghani, among others, offered their condolences for Wazir’s killing through their tweets.

The Causes of Bangladesh’s Recent Riots

By
Chiara Cacco and Dr. Sahibzada Muhammad Usman
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The recent riots in Bangladesh have drawn significant attention both domestically and internationally, shedding light on the deep-rooted issues plaguing the nation.

The recent riots in Bangladesh have drawn significant attention both domestically and internationally, shedding light on the deep-rooted issues plaguing the nation. The unrest, initially sparked by confrontations between the student wing of the Awami League, the Bangladesh Chhatra League, and protesting students, reveals a broader and more complex narrative. This turmoil underscores the ongoing conflict within Bangladesh, rooted in the establishment’s policies and the increasing authoritarianism of Sheikh Hasina’s virtually one-party rule.

To understand the present unrest, it is crucial to look back at the historical context. On January 3, 2024, Raqim Al-Haruf wrote about the Bangla Krashik Saramak Awami League (Buxal) and its transformation under Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, who became president for life and established a one-party system in Bangladesh. This historical precedent is now being echoed in Sheikh Hasina’s governance, where similar authoritarian practices are being implemented, leading to growing public dissatisfaction. Sheikh Hasina’s government has been criticized for its heavy-handed approach and suppression of dissent. The protests reflect a growing sentiment against her administration, which many see as prioritizing power retention over democratic principles and citizens’ welfare.

The societal discontent is further fueled by the increasing influence of India on Bangladesh’s domestic and foreign policies, perceived by many as compromising national sovereignty.

One of the critical drivers of the riots is the economic struggle faced by millions of students in Bangladesh. With over 18 million students grappling for jobs, the country’s largest garment industry, despite its $40 billion export revenue and employment of 4 million people, cannot meet the employment demands of these students. This economic frustration has ignited the flames of unrest, reflecting broader societal issues beyond mere job scarcity. The anger among the youth is not solely about the lack of employment opportunities. It stems from systemic discrimination and the perceived favoritism towards a specific group since the fall of Dhaka. Many believe that since the fall of Dhaka, Bangladesh has fallen under the invisible control of India, exacerbating feelings of disenfranchisement and inequality.

The garment industry, which is a cornerstone of Bangladesh’s economy, has not been able to absorb the vast number of educated youths entering the job market each year. Despite being a major exporter, the industry’s growth has not translated into adequate employment opportunities. This disconnect has led to widespread frustration among the youth, who see their futures dimming in a stagnant job market. The government’s inability to create new job opportunities or support industries that can absorb this labor force has only heightened the sense of betrayal and anger among the populace.

The current protests also highlight deep-seated social discrimination and historical resentments. The main demand of the protesters was to end the special privileges granted to those who fought against Pakistan in 1971. This movement is largely driven by students whose elders were not part of the 1971 unrest, yet they feel the repercussions of that era.

The ruling government, under Sheikh Hasina, has leveraged these historical privileges to maintain power, further alienating a significant portion of the population.

The societal divide is marked by those who have historically benefited from the post-independence privileges and those who have been marginalized. The resentment has been building over decades, with the latter group feeling increasingly sidelined in the political and economic spheres. The protests are a manifestation of these accumulated grievances, where the younger generation, who did not experience the liberation war, feel particularly disenfranchised by a system that they believe is unjust and discriminatory. The situation has deteriorated to such an extent that even the official broadcaster has gone offline, a measure only previously seen during significant upheavals like the Egyptian revolution in 2011. This media blackout highlights the severity of the government’s crackdown on dissent and the escalating conflict within Bangladeshi society.

Sheikh Hasina’s government is perceived as heavily inclined towards India, with actions that reinforce this alliance often coming at the expense of national interests. For instance, to appease India, Sheikh Hasina prematurely ended her visit to China and announced the handing over of the 414 km long Teesta Water Project to India. This move, aimed at placating India, has further fueled public anger and the perception of Bangladesh as a subordinate state under Indian influence. Economically, Bangladesh’s garment industry relies heavily on raw materials from China, while India remains the largest buyer of Bangladeshi products in Asia. By aligning closely with India, Sheikh Hasina’s administration is seen as making Bangladesh’s economy increasingly dependent on its neighbor, thereby undermining economic sovereignty.

Most of the raw material in Bangladesh’s garment industry comes from China, while India is the largest buyer of Bangladeshi products in Asia. It buys $15 billion worth of various products from Bangladesh annually, and Sheikh Hasina deliberately wants to make Bangladesh’s economy more under India’s influence. Along with this, it is also helping India to fulfill its ambitions in the Indian Ocean.

It is quite clear that India’s ambitions in the Indian Ocean are aimed at countering China’s Indian Ocean policy. It has a part from the eastern coast of Africa to Australia.

Bangladesh’s inclusion in the Colombo Security Conclave, alongside Sri Lanka, Maldives, and Mauritius, further cements its alignment with India’s regional strategy. The main objective of this organization is to maintain security and stability in the Indian Ocean under India’s interests, countering Chinese influence. This strategic alignment is perceived as another step towards making Bangladesh a “country state” under India’s auspices, where the local ruler is assured of security while the external power holds significant control over national affairs. In June, Bangladesh formally requested China to invest in the Teesta Water Project, but later handed it over to India to demonstrate its loyalty to the latter. This strategic decision underscores the complex geopolitical dynamics at play, with Bangladesh caught between its economic dependence on China and its political alignment with India. The move to align with India in the Indian Ocean’s security framework also suggests a deeper strategic partnership aimed at countering China’s influence in the region.

Sheikh Hasina’s government has actively sought to align Bangladesh’s security and economic interests with India, further consolidating this relationship. The agreements signed during her visits to India, which included cooperation in maritime security, economy, space, and telecommunications, highlight the depth of this partnership.

This alignment has not been without controversy, as it has fueled the perception that Bangladesh’s sovereignty is being compromised in favor of Indian interests.

The riots in Bangladesh are a manifestation of longstanding grievances, economic struggles, and political tensions. The confluence of historical resentments, social discrimination, economic dependency, and geopolitical alignments has created a volatile environment. As public sentiment continues to agitate against Sheikh Hasina’s government and its perceived subservience to India, the unrest is likely to persist. Addressing these issues requires not only economic reforms and job creation but also a commitment to democratic principles and national sovereignty. Without such measures, the discontent in Bangladesh will remain a significant challenge for the current administration. To move forward, the government must recognize the multifaceted nature of the unrest and take comprehensive steps to address the root causes. This includes creating inclusive economic policies that provide job opportunities for the youth, ensuring social justice by addressing historical grievances, and maintaining a balanced foreign policy that safeguards national interests. Only through such holistic measures can Bangladesh hope to achieve stability and peace in the long term.

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