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From Pixels to Protection: Safeguarding Your Digital Kingdom

By
Rimsha Malik
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0

In the modern era of technology, cyber security has grown in importance. We need to defend ourselves against cybercriminals’ malicious attacks more and more as their strategies get more advanced. How do we go about doing that, though? In a world where technology is developing at an incredible rate, how do we protect our digital lives? The solution is straightforward: we must remain aware and take preventative measures to protect ourselves. The following recommendations will help you stay safe, lower your risk of becoming a victim of cyberattacks, and protect your personal information so you can take advantage of the positive aspects of the internet without worrying about the risks, regardless of how tech-savvy you are or how recently you’ve started dipping your toes in the digital waters. So buckle up, and let’s explore the world of cyber safety.

Use secure, unique passwords as the first piece of advice. This entails staying away from common words or expressions in favor of a mix of letters, numbers, and symbols.

Your online accounts must be secured by using strong and distinctive passwords.

A unique password is one that is not already being used for another account or service, but a strong password is one that is challenging for others to guess or crack. Weak passwords like “123456” or “password” make it simple for hackers to access your accounts and take your personal information, like your banking information or social security number. Identity theft, financial loss, and other major repercussions could result from this.

It’s advised to use a mix of uppercase, lowercase, numerals, and special characters to generate a strong and distinctive password. It is best to use passwords that are at least eight characters lengthy because they are harder to guess or break. Using unique passwords for every account is also crucial. The hacker won’t be able to access all of your accounts if just one password is hacked this way. Using a password manager is also advised because it can help you create secure passwords that are strong and one-of-a-kind. It’s now simpler to use different passwords for each account because you won’t have to remember several ones.

The saying, “Think before you click” emphasizes how crucial it is to pay attention to the links you select when online. Always exercise caution before clicking on any links or downloading any files because doing so has the risk of having negative effects including identity theft, virus infections, and financial loss.

Social engineering techniques are frequently used by hackers to trick people into opening dangerous links or downloading malicious files.

To deceive people into disclosing their personal information, cybercriminals can also utilise phishing emails. In order to get the receiver to click on a link or download a file, they may send emails or messages that seem authentic. The hacker can access the user’s private information or infect their device with malware if they click the link or download the file. Always consider your options before clicking in order to prevent being a victim of these scams.

Consider the sender or source of the link, for example, and whether they are a reputable source before clicking on it. Do you have any suspicions about the link or message? What kind of website—if any—does the link go to look like it’s going to be? There’s a danger that clicking the link might jeopardize the security of your device or personal data. To prevent falling victim to scammers and to protect your device and personal information, take a moment to consider your decision before you click. Furthermore, to safeguard against data loss, it’s critical to periodically back up your crucial files and to have antivirus software installed and updated on your device.

People can stay ahead of potential threats by routinely updating software and turning on automatic updates. It’s essential to keep your software updated if you want to keep your computer stable and secure. Software updates are necessary for your system to operate at its best since they contain bug fixes, security patches, and feature upgrades.

The developers frequently test newly released software to make sure it is functioning properly. However, weaknesses might be found over time, and hackers might try to take advantage of them. Vendors of software release updates to address these flaws as soon as they become aware of them. Your machine could be attacked and your data could be compromised if you don’t apply these updates. Software updates not only increase security but also performance.

Software changes with time, becoming quicker, more effective, and user-friendly. Enable automatic updates to guarantee that software is constantly up to date.

Multi-factor authentication (MFA) is a security feature that makes it more difficult for hackers to access user accounts by requiring users to submit two or more forms of authentication.

Enabling MFA lowers the possibility of a successful attack, making it a quick and efficient solution to increase the security of online accounts. Users can safeguard their sensitive information and online identity by taking the extra step to enable MFA.

Strategic Shift – Russia’s Tactical Nuclear Deployment in Belarus

By
Asma Khan Durrani
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Russian and Belarusian relations have a long history characterized by close ties and mutual cooperation. Belarus is a landlocked country, has maintained a strong partnership with its larger neighbor, Russia, since the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Russia and Belarus politically, have developed a close relationship through various agreements and organizations. They are both members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), an organization that promotes cooperation among post-Soviet countries. Additionally, Belarus and Russia, along with several other countries, are part of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), which facilitates economic integration and cooperation.

Russia has been a significant trading partner for Belarus economically. The two countries have engaged in various economic agreements, including preferential trade arrangements and joint ventures. Russia has provided economic support to Belarus through loans, subsidies, and discounted energy prices. Belarus, in turn, has been an important market for Russian goods and a transit route for Russian energy exports to Europe.

In the realm of security and defense, Russia and Belarus have cooperated extensively. They are both members of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), a regional defense alliance aimed at ensuring the collective security of its member states. Joint military exercises, intelligence sharing, and defense cooperation have been common features of their relationship.

Putin made the announcement of the nuclear deployment strategy. As part of its first such deployment outside of its borders since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia attempted to place tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus, whose leader claimed the warheads were already in motion. The US State Department condemned the deployment strategy but insisted that Washington had no plans to change its stance on strategic nuclear weapons and had not observed any indications that Russia was getting ready to use a nuclear weapon.

Belarus is Russia’s closest ally. A directive allowing Russia to station tactical, shorter-range nuclear weapons inside the nation has been signed, according to Alexander Lukashenko. The weapons are “non-strategic” nuclear weapons, meaning they are not longer-range or higher-yield bombs. Lukashenko claimed that after Russian President Vladimir Putin signed the decree, and the transfer of the weapons has already begun. Moscow is permitted to keep weapons at a unique site in Belarus because of to the agreement. According to the accord, which formalizes a previous understanding between the two state leaders and allies, Russia would continue to be in charge of the weapons.

After the Kremlin leader ordered soldiers into Ukraine, Russian President Vladimir Putin claims that the United States and its allies are engaged in an expanding proxy war against Russia. Belarus is Russia’s closest ally. A directive allowing Russia to station tactical, shorter-range nuclear weapons inside the nation has been signed, according to Alexander Lukashenko. The weapons are “non-strategic” nuclear weapons, meaning they are not longer-range or higher-yield bombs. Lukashenko claimed that after Russian President Vladimir Putin signed the decree, and the transfer of the weapons has already begun. Moscow is permitted to keep weapons at a unique site in Belarus because of to the agreement. According to the accord, which formalizes a previous understanding between the two state leaders and allies, Russia would continue to be in charge of the weapons. Putin previously declared his intention to use tactical nuclear weapons through Belarus. When meeting with his Russian counterpart, Sergei Shoigu, in Minsk, Belarusian Defense Minister Viktor Khrenin was quoted saying that the deployment of non-strategic nuclear weapons was an effective response to the aggressive foreign policy of those hostile to us.

The deployment of tactical nuclear weapons would undoubtedly escalate the already tense situation between Russia and Ukraine. The use or even the threat of nuclear weapons could lead to a rapid deterioration of the conflict, potentially resulting in a full-scale war with catastrophic humanitarian consequences. Followed by widespread destruction by tactical nuclear weapons designed for use in battlefield scenarios, targeting military installations, troop concentrations, and other strategic targets. The detonation of such weapons would cause significant destruction and loss of life, not only in the immediate target area but also potentially affecting neighboring regions.

An extremely sharp escalation of threats on the western borders of Russia and Belarus, a decision was made to take countermeasures in the military-nuclear sphere. Moscow was granted permission by Minsk to undertake attacks against Ukraine from its territory. Belarus shares a border with Ukraine to the north, and invading via Belarus opened up a front that was not only far wider than using the Russian border in the east of the country but also one that was closer to the capital Kyiv.

In the context of an extremely sharp escalation of threats on the western borders of Russia and Belarus, a decision was made to take countermeasures in the military-nuclear sphere. Moscow was granted permission by Minsk to undertake attacks against Ukraine from its territory. Belarus shares a border with Ukraine to the north, and invading via Belarus opened up a front that was not only far wider than using the Russian border in the east of the country but also one that was closer to the capital Kyiv. Belarus urged Russia to protect Belarus “as its own territory.” A large contingent of Russian soldiers are stationed in Belarus. Lukashenko further urged Russia to defend Belarus in the event of an invasion as Minsk needs “full security guarantees” from Moscow.

The historical and cultural bonds between Russia and Belarus date back centuries. Both nations share a Slavic heritage, a common language, and a similar Orthodox Christian tradition. These factors have contributed to a sense of shared identity and affinity between the peoples of the two countries.

 

Youm-e- Takbeer: The Joy of Pakistan’s Accomplishments

By
Sharjeel Afzal
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“The weak and the defenceless, in this imperfect world, invite aggression from others.”

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Youm-e-Takbeer, 28th May 2023 has been commemorated as the 25th anniversary of an important milestone in Pakistan’s history. On this day in 1998, Pakistan conducted nuclear tests in the Chagai district, Balochistan. The decision to conduct the nuclear tests was taken in response to India’s nuclear tests on 11 and 13 May 1998. It is important to note that it was the second series of nuclear tests by India in 1998, the first being the so-called ‘Smiling Buddha’ in May 1974. This unique event marked a turning point in Pakistan’s security posture and regional dynamics. The tests not only demonstrated the resolve of the Pakistani nation to safeguard its territorial integrity, independence, and sovereignty but also the desire to preserve strategic balance in South Asia. As a result of successful nuclear tests, Pakistan became the seventh nuclear power in the world and the first in the Muslim world. Since then Pakistan remembers this day as Youm-e-Takbeer; ‘The Day of Greatness’ as a reminder of the tough choice Pakistan made to ensure its defense despite the immense international pressure for not conducting the tests.

The Indian nuclear tests left no option for Pakistan but to demonstrate its nuclear capability to restore strategic stability. After conducting nuclear tests in May 1998, Indian politicians and the public were convinced that they had a monopoly over nuclear technology and capability in the region. Important political leaders in India made veiled threats toward Pakistan. Indian Deputy Prime Minister LK Advani at the time said, “Islamabad should realise the change in the geo-strategic situation in the region and the world. It must roll back its anti-India policy especially with regard to Kashmir. Any other course will be futile and costly for Pakistan.” Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee too after visiting the Indian nuclear test site had warned Pakistan saying, “It should adopt a more conciliatory attitude that recognizes India’s newly enhanced military power.” Therefore, Pakistan had no other option but to conduct its tests due to the lack of international guarantees against the nuclear threat from India. Unlike the U.S., which extended its nuclear umbrella to its European allies during the Cold War, Pakistan had to depend on its own capabilities.

The onus of promoting the nuclear arms competition in South Asia rests on India. As Pakistan has been regularly proposing various solutions to India aimed at maintaining peace and nuclear restraint in South Asia. Starting in 1974, Pakistan suggested the establishment of a nuclear-free zone in the region, followed by a joint Indo-Pakistan declaration in 1978, renouncing the acquisition and manufacture of nuclear weapons. In 1979, Pakistan proposed mutual inspections of nuclear facilities, simultaneous adherence to the NPT, and full-scope IAEA safeguards. In 1987, Pakistan proposed a South Asian nuclear weapon Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and a mutual conference under the UN auspices on Nuclear Non-Proliferation in South Asia. In 1991, Pakistan suggested the commencement of a multilateral conference on nuclear proliferation in South Asia. In 1993, Pakistan also proposed creating a missile-free zone in South Asia, a strategic restraint regime (SRR) in 1998, and a joint agreement to reduce the threat of nuclear war and missile race. In 2006, Pakistan proposed a prohibition on missile defense systems and restraint in deploying nuclear weapons and missiles. In 2011, Pakistan yet again proposed a Strategic Nuclear Restraint Regime (SNRR) that pertains to missile restraint, peaceful resolution of conflict, and conventional balance. Finally, in 2016, Pakistan proposed a bilateral arrangement for the non-testing of nuclear weapons. India’s response to these proposals has been disappointing, as it did not show any interest in pursuing these proposals.

According to SIPRI 2022 report, India is the largest arms importer in the world. It is developing a diverse range of nuclear arms comprising short-range missiles, inter-continental ballistic missiles, and anti-ballistic missile systems to establish its dominance as a regional power. On the other hand, Pakistan’s leadership, both political and military, understands the possibility to promote security and peace in the region through arms control rather than an arms race.

Pakistan has been proactively involved in global initiatives aimed at reinforcing international regulations concerning arms control, non-proliferation, and disarmament, and has implemented contemporary international guidelines on national nuclear safety, security, and export controls.

The other bright side of Pakistan’s nuclear power is the advancement in peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Over the years, Pakistan continues to utilize the enormous potential of nuclear technology for socio-economic development and achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs). The utility of nuclear technology in Pakistan isn’t confined to the domain of energy and power production alone. Pakistan has been successfully utilizing nuclear technology in various sectors including agriculture, medicine, and scientific research and development. Recently, in February 2023, the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Rafael Grossi, visited Pakistan and praised its “impeccable” nuclear safety record, stating that he foresees a bright future for nuclear power in Pakistan.

Hence, Youm-e-Takbeer holds a significant place in Pakistan’s history and serves as a reminder of the determined efforts of the nation in developing a robust defense mechanism to counter India’s aggression. Furthermore, Pakistan has always been committed to promoting peace and stability, not only within its borders but also at the regional and global levels. The country firmly believes in the principles of mutual respect, cooperation, and peaceful coexistence with its neighbors and the international community.

Arrest of Shamby and Future of Insurgency in Balochistan

By
Moazam Khan
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EFE/FILE/Fayyaz Ahmed

The arrested terrorist of BNA Gulzar Imam appeared on media. Founder of banned Balo­ch National Army Gulzar Imam alias Shambay, who was arrested by security forces last month, expressed remorse over taking up arms and said the fight for Baluchistan’s rights was only possible in a constitutional and political manner. Imam – whose arrest was described by Army as a major counter-terrorism achievement against separatist insurgency in Balochistan – repented his past actions and urged other insurgents to lay down arms while addressing a press conference in Quetta alongside Balochistan Home Minister Zia Langove and Senator Prince Ahmed Umer Ahmedzai.

In the press conference, Gulzar Imran began by introducing himself as native of a village located in the Panjgur district of Balochistan, saying he had been actively involved in the armed insurgency in the province for the past 15 years. “I spent a long time being a part of that insurgency, and I have faced all kinds of situations,” he said, adding that as a Baloch, my objective is to protect the rights of my people, national language and area. Referring to his arrest in April, Imam said he got a chance to think over his past with a new perspective while in detention.

“After a painful experience, I realized that the path I chose was the wrong one,” he added, explaining that the “armed war” further complicated Balochistan’s problems rather than resolving them. Imam said one of the main reasons behind this was that “some particular forces” wanted to use the Baloch as a pressure group, and I believe that the Baloch nation is the only party at a loss in all of this. Earlier, security experts and officials have hailed Imam’s arrest as a great achievement for law enforcement agencies.

Security experts and officials have hailed Imam’s arrest as a great achievement for law enforcement agencies. “The arrest of Imam is a serious blow to the BNA as well as other militant groups, which have been attempting to destabilize the hard-earned peace in Balochistan,” said the ISPR’s statement on Friday.

The arrest of a militant leader of such a stature demonstrated the capability and resolve of the law enforcement agencies to uproot the menace of terrorism as well as speak volumes about the successes garnered through supreme sacrifices of unsung heroes. Abdul Basit, a research fellow at Singapore-based S Rajaratnam School of International Studies, argued that Imam is without a doubt one of the three most influential commanders of the Baloch separatist insurgency, the others being the BLA chief Bashir Zaib and BLF chief Allah Nazar and was quite instrumental in the formation of BRAS. Imam’s arrest is a great achievement at the tactical level for the Pakistani security agencies, which can help them neutralise BNA’s network in Balochistan with the help of the information received from him through interrogation.

On the ground, the BNA has already started facing an internal rift, as the group’s statements as well as background interviews with law enforcers and journalists in Balochistan suggest. Last month, the BNA announced the suspension of one of its key leaders, Anwar alias Chakar, who had apparently abandoned the group. It also asked other separatist groups not to provide him refuge. Imam’s arrest has not only destroyed the BNA’s network but also affected the BLA. Experts are, however, skeptical of how much the arrest or elimination of one or two leaders would impact the overall Baloch insurgency.

Likewise, the arrest of Shamby is opportunity for other insurgents and anarchists who have been fighting against state and its law enforcement agencies. They should surrender before the state and join mainstream political landscape. They cannot challenge the writ of state and cannot fight with the law enforcement agencies. Therefore, they still have the chance to become part of mainstream politics in Baluchistan and play their role for the development of the province. State of Pakistan is sincerely looking after Baloch people by extending them its best possible facilities. If these foreign-funded non-state actors don’t stop their activities against state of Pakistan, the law enforcement agencies will not spare them and target them with full strength in order to maintain the law-and-order situation. Therefore, this is the best chance for them to surrender before the state and play their role for the betterment of the province.

Shadows of Armament: Unveiling India’s Military Modernization and the Unsettling Security Dilemma in South Asia

By
Nimra Javed
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0

India emanates from years of endeavoring to increment military power through military modernization. India has expanded its defense cooperation significantly, incrementing with many countries for military modernization. It is additionally reinforcing its nuclear and conventional forces. As a result, it is engendering a security dilemma for Pakistan. In this situation, the paramountcy for Pakistan’s nuclear deterrence increases many folds.

India is perpetually incrementing its bulwark capabilities with 93 military modernization projects worth $18.4 billion. With the world’s second-largest military force of over 1.4 million active personnel, India is now starting its fixate on longer-range weapons and night fighting capabilities, multi-capacity drones and disruptive technologies, and early detection & targeting systems in its perpetual modernization drive.

The Indian military intends to induct high-volume firepower that inducts a coalescence of ordnance guns, upgraded Pinaka rocket regiments, and longer-range Brahmos Supersonic Cruise Missiles & Loitering munitions.

In addition, the Indian military has already inducted 110 of 145 M-777 ultra-light howitzers of the US, while the rest of the 35 will be inducted over the next five months. This military modernization surmounts the operational deficiencies realized during the border clash with China. Due to this clash, India invested in high-powered weapons and equipment.

The US and India are invigorating their bulwark partnership to contravene China’s rise. They have decided to deepen their cooperation in sundry areas, including defense, artificial Intelligence, quantum technologies, high-performance computing, jet engine co-engendered, semiconductor supply chain, human spaceflight, commercial space launches, and telecommunications, including 5G & 6G. The two countries’ National Security Advisors, Ajit Doval, and Jake Sullivan, met in Washington, DC, for the inaugural meeting of the US-India initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (CET).

The initiatives taken in the meeting include the development of a defense Industrial Cooperation Roadmap for joint engendering of jet engines and munition-cognate technologies, an application from General Electric for joint engendering of jet engines, collaboration on maritime security and astuteness surveillance reconnaissance (ISR) operational use cases, and the establishment of an “Innovation Bridge” to connect defense startups. They also plan to collaborate on High-Performance Computing (HPC), expand research partnerships in areas like AI and quantum technologies, and accentuate the paramountcy of democratic values in shaping technology development and utilization.

Defense cooperation is a crucial pillar of the India-Russia strategic partnership, guided by Acquiescent on Military Technical Cooperation. The institutionalized structure, led by the India-Russia Inter-Governmental Commission on Military Technical Cooperation, oversees joint research, engenderment, and exercises. Perpetual projects include licensed engenderment, supply of aircraft and rifles, and joint development of military platforms.

Furthermore, during a strategic dialogue co-chaired by Emmanuel Bonne, the diplomatic adviser to French President Emmanuel Macron, and India’s National Security Advisor Ajit Doval, France expressed its commitment to collaborate with India on the co-development of high-technology bulwark systems and futuristic technologies.

In addition, during Israeli Defense Minister Benjamin Gantz’s recent visit to India, both countries concurred to expand bulwark cooperation, fixating on emerging technologies. Gantz and his Indian obverse, Rajnath Singh, signed the ‘India-Israel Vision on Bulwark Cooperation,’ outlining a 10-year roadmap for collaboration especially fixated on technologies. Prosperous co-development of the Barak-8 air and missile system and collaborations between Israeli and Indian defense companies highlight their technological cooperation. Both nations to advance cooperation in areas like additive manufacturing, advanced battery technology, artificial intelligence, blockchain, and robotics.

Hence, the security dilemma has been enhanced. India is a colossal country compared to Pakistan, and it has ameliorated its economy. India has also adopted a belligerent posture towards Pakistan. Modi regime is not yare to resume dialogue with Pakistan. Numerous Indian bellwethers have threatened to take back Azad Kashmir through force. In this situation, the presence of nuclear weapons in South Asia has truncated the likelihood of a war, as both India and Pakistan understand the dire consequences of a nuclear exchange.

Albeit India endeavors to find space for constrained scale conflict under the nuclear threshold; however, Pakistan’s full spectrum deterrence gain says this space to India and ascertains tranquility and security.

A Pathway to Climate Justice

By
Talha Tufail Bhatti
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Rich corporations like the major fossil fuel industry are largely responsible for climate change and It’s a developed fact that people living in the least developed countries are most vulnerable.

Climate justice demands to compensate for victims and ensures that people who are suffering get a fair distribution of funds and resources to build resilience to their livelihoods.

ActionAid is a global federation, focused on poverty and injustice, founded as a charity in 1972. This charitable federation published a report this month highlighting the need for debt cancellation. Research exposed a vicious cycle between debt and climate crises. Countries that are most vulnerable to climate emergencies are also facing a debt crisis, any kind of progressive developmental work a country makes during research and development just washes away in a natural disaster, making it a major accelerator to socioeconomic instability.

Since the Paris Agreement, the top 60 banks worldwide financed the fossil fuel industry by $5.5 trillion (WB invested $15 billion), only $673 billion in 2022 alone. The Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) in AR6 Synthesis Report states “Projected CO2 emissions from existing fossil fuel infrastructure without additional abatement would exceed the remaining carbon budget by 1.5°C”.

Trillions of dollars are required to limit global warming to 1.5˚C, and currently, no country is mobilizing sufficient resources. At the COP15 in Copenhagen in 2009, the global north agrees to mobilize USD 100 bn for mitigation and adaptation to the global south. It’s a commitment for developed countries to pay for the pollution they generate but it is unfortunate to know that most of the climate finance arrives in the form of loans rather than grants.

The 2023 Spring meeting of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank (WB) took place from April 10 to 16 in Washington, DC, to mobilize billions of dollars for climate mitigation and adaptation. Catalyzing their powers by “Special Drawing Right” from its “Resilience and Sustainability Trust”, transferring authority from Green Climate Fund and UNFCCC. To control who will get loans for climate finance and on what conditions. So, transferring financing facilities toward IMF and WB would be a regressive move. These banks are under the strong influence of G7 (Locking power with “OECD-Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development” a club of rich nations). Now we know that debt is a key instrument to a failing economy by itself and the process is directly accelerated by the climate crisis.  As climate finance mostly comes in loans and interestingly the real value of these loans is suspicious.

“The debt crisis and climate crisis are inextricably linked, creating a vicious cycle that traps vulnerable countries in a downward spiral” quoted by David Archer, ActionAid.

The Intergovernmental Panel on climate change says protecting and restoring the world’s natural order is critical for limiting the global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius, but many argue that political and business leaders are focusing too much on ‘restoring’ rather than ‘protecting’. Due to extreme oscillation in weather conditions, the applied solutions are losing effectiveness. For example, there is mounting evidence that suggests that during the Billion Tree Tsunami plantation, many saplings were unable to survive due to prolonged heat conditions. If this trend continues, global warming is likely to hit 1.5 degrees Celsius in the next nine years.

Private climate intelligence firms are increasingly being tapped to supply the government with data and analysis. Seen in this way the climate emergency is just a bad fit for economics.

Perhaps the climate is just one complex process among many interactive and hazardous systems handed down by industrial modernity.

Mostly in the global south, countries in their economic capacities are not able to effectively respond to climate-related emergencies. According to “ActionAid”, 93 percent of countries in the Global South are under significant debt. It’s a competitive analysis of IMF’s 2022 assessment of countries that are in debt distress verse 63 most climate-vulnerable globally (Notre Dame, Climate vulnerability index). The report states nine countries that are most vulnerable to climate change are already in debt crisis. It is important to understand because countries are obliged to repay their debt before spending on anything else, report quotes “when government spends over 12 % of their revenue on servicing debt, they end up cutting public spending on crucial services like education, health and utilities”. These findings are alarming because accordingly, “38 out of 63 most climate vulnerable countries are already spending so much on debt servicing”.

“Our government is being forced to allocate limited resources to repay old loans, leaving us ill-equipped to rebuild and recover” Pamela Kuwali, country director at ActionAid Malawi.

“International Monetary Fund and World Bank” – both are lenders of last resort and enforcers of debt repayments; they can force countries to adjust their laws and economies for sustainable repayment of their debt before considering any other investments. These banks force countries to be dependent on policy advice, regardless of other priorities that the state might want like education and health. The IMF package normally forces a country to open their markets to international rules and regulations, and regularly recommends austerity while forcing states to cut public subsidies.

ActionAid results are critical with to observe because Pakistan is one of the topmost vulnerable countries to climate cataclysm. The state of Pakistan cannot adapt to the soft and hard impacts of climate change (Loss and Damage). The link between debt and climate crises is becoming evident. Pakistan’s current external debt stands at $ 126.3 billion, which must be paid in foreign currencies and to pay back, Pakistan first must earn foreign currencies. This can only be done by having an export-oriented economy. Preconditioned economic strategy jeopardizes the role of Pakistan in the present global economy, little has changed from the colonial era. As Pakistan exports raw materials for low prices while importing processed goods at high prices. So, to recover and sustain such pre-conditions, the state invests in extractive industries like exploiting fossils (Thar coal, Sui natural gas). It also accelerates investments in industrial agriculture that can produce commodities for exports like wheat, rice, maize, cotton, and sugarcane, initiating a destructive cycle. Sensible and rational decisions cannot be made when a country faces default conditions.

“These debts are entrapping countries in a detrimental cycle, forcing them to cut public spending and invest in activities that harm the climate just to repay their debts,” said Mr. Archer.

Pakistan hit hardest in 2022, 84 districts nationwide have been described as calamity hit by the Government of Pakistan, costing Loss and damage of around $ 15 billion, impacting thirty-three million people (Data source EMDAT report 2022). Economic activities declined sharply between July-December 2022. Major contributing factors in a localized manner were difficulties in securing fertilizer and animal feed, reduced agricultural output, and labor opportunities for low-income workers.  Circularly, the loss and damage caused by the flood of 2022 forced the government of Pakistan to look for external debt from multilateral banks and friendly states, often on commercial loans, just to recover and rebuild.

Afterward, $ 10 billion was pledged at the “international conference on Climate Resilient Pakistan”, significant contributors were the Islamic Development Bank “$4.2 billion”, World Bank “$2 billion”, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank “$1 billion” and Asian Development Bank “$1.5 billion”. As mentioned, all these pledges, which are climate finances from bilateral and multilateral partners, are contributing to the national debt – as these loans still must be paid back in dollars or other foreign currencies. Similarly, political instability in the country can send the price skyrocketing, which is evident in Pakistan’s currency shrinking, making a clear indication that climate finances in the form of loans can make the economic crisis even worse.

This is a complete shock that with such climate financing, the global south further indebts itself. Thus, debt cancellation is and should be the central demand of the Global South, only when countries like Pakistan are free from the excessive burden of external debt can take progressive rational decisions towards pursuing a more sustainable localized economic model.

To collect funds for climate finance, “Global Tax Justice” is an important consideration. According to Oxfam, “Wealth taxes” to just the top 5 percent of the world’s multi-billionaires could raise $1.7 trillion/year. Similarly, “windfall profits” of the world’s biggest fossil fuel companies which made $4 trillion in profits in 2022 can generate billions of dollars, while just taxing the “Trillion-dollar club” of five big techs (Google, Amazon, Apple, Meta, and Microsoft) could generate $ 32 billion/year.

Money that is supposed to help countries respond to the climate crisis should not make the climate crisis worse. When climate finance comes in the form of loans, debt locks underdeveloped countries into a negative spiral, making them even more vulnerable to climate change. There are clear alternatives that could be achieved through Tax alternations and enforcement in the light of ICJ advisory opinion.

It is time for debt cancellation to become a central demand of climate justice advocacy everywhere. Perhaps climate change is just the mother of all externalities, an anomaly, a perfect thunder for the world that works on neo-capitalism.

Embracing Youm-E-Takbir: A Reflection on Nuclear Power and National Pride

By
Tayyaba Khurshid
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3

If India developed an atomic bomb, we too will develop one ‘even if we have to eat grass or leaves or to remain hungry’ because there is no conventional alternative to the atomic bomb,” said Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto highlighting the significance of nuclear technology for Pakistan’s territorial integrity and security. The dream of becoming the first nuclear power of the Muslim world became a reality on 28th May 1998 and therefore on the eve of 28th of May each year, Pakistan commemorates Youm-E-Takbir, a significant milestone in the nation’s history. This day marks the successful detonation of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons in 1998, changing the nature of Indo-Pak relations and providing Pakistan with invincible safety and security.

Nuclear technology not only served the traditional security issues of Pakistan by providing deterrence but the peaceful technology has helped Pakistan to boost in medicine, agriculture, and other domains.

The Historical Context:

Pakistan since its inception in 1947 was involved in a direct confrontation with neighborly India over Kashmir which India occupied illegally violating the spirit of the Partition Plan. After their first direct war in 1948, Kashmir became a major bone of contention as most of it was under Indian control and some parts of it were under Pakistan control. When the issue of Kashmir was moved to UN Security Council, it was decided that the people of Kashmir will determine their fate through a free and fair plebiscite. However, India has shown reluctance and didn’t agree to any mediation offered by major powers, the UN. The prolonged nature of the unresolved issue of Kashmir has led to major wars between the two states. Pakistan’s quest for nuclear capability was initiated when it lost one of its major parts of East Pakistan and when India conducted its nuclear weapon tests. The acquisition of nuclear weapons by India has provided it a strategic advantage over Pakistan as nuclear weapon was the most sophisticated technology at that time that offered deterrence, strategic security, and an edge over opponents. Hence, Pakistani scientists and policymakers were head over heels to make Pakistan a nuclear weapon state.

The dream came true but with many challenges, soon after Pakistan conducted its tests, it was brought under strict sanctions from the US and the Western world.

However, it was evident that nuclear technology was essential for Pakistan’s security living with a hostile neighbor who had the edge in conventional forces. Hence, Nuclear power provided Pakistan with impeccable safety and had provided strategic stability in South Asia. Although, the two South Asian nuclear rivals came face to face after the acquisition of nuclear weapons in a series of crises including the Kargil Crisis, the Twin Peak Crisis, the Mumbai attacks, and recently the Balakot and Pulwama Crisis. However, it is essential to note that the crisis after the acquisition of nuclear weapons did not turn into a full-scale war. Hence, Nuclear power has served as a deterrent for Pakistan.

Nuclear Power and Deterrence:

Pakistan’s nuclear program stands as a testament to its commitment to safeguarding its sovereignty and territorial integrity. The nuclear weapon technology has provided deterrence for Pakistan against any potential aggression by India. Pakistan’s possession of nuclear weapons has served as a deterrent by providing security against conventional threats, particularly from its neighbor India. With India’s significant conventional military advantage, Pakistan views nuclear weapons as a means to level the playing field and dissuade India from considering large-scale conventional attacks. The concept of deterrence theory suggests that the fear of a devastating nuclear response from Pakistan acts as a deterrent, thereby preventing India from escalating conflicts to the nuclear level. This strategic stability discourages both countries from engaging in all-out war, as the consequences would be catastrophic. Moreover, Pakistan’s nuclear weapons program compensates for its relative conventional military inferiority compared to India, ensuring that any potential aggression would be met with a credible nuclear deterrent. In addition to deterring state actors, the possession of nuclear weapons also serves as a deterrent against non-state actors contemplating acts of aggression or terrorism. By having nuclear capabilities, Pakistan enhances its national security by instilling fear of a nuclear response. Furthermore, being a nuclear-armed state grants Pakistan a certain level of international recognition and influence. It allows Pakistan to have a seat in discussions on global security and pursue its national interests with greater leverage. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that the use of nuclear weapons would have catastrophic humanitarian consequences, and their possession is primarily aimed at preventing their use rather than encouraging it.

Responsibility and Global Non-Proliferation:

Pakistan’s approach to nuclear weapons has emphasized responsible stewardship and a commitment to global non-proliferation efforts. Despite possessing nuclear weapons, Pakistan has demonstrated responsible behavior by adhering to strict command and control systems, robust safety measures, and effective export controls to prevent the unauthorized acquisition or transfer of nuclear technology or materials. Pakistan has also been actively engaged in global non-proliferation initiatives. It became a party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) in 1970 and has consistently advocated for the universality of the treaty, encouraging other states to join and fulfill their non-proliferation commitments. Pakistan has expressed support for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) and has maintained a unilateral moratorium on nuclear testing since 1998. This responsible behavior contributes to global efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and supports the goal of achieving a world free of nuclear weapons. Furthermore, Pakistan has engaged in dialogue with the international community to address concerns related to nuclear proliferation and nuclear security. It has participated in various multilateral forums, such as the Conference on Disarmament and the Nuclear Security Summit process, to promote disarmament, non-proliferation, and nuclear security objectives.

Pakistan’s responsible conduct and its active participation in global non-proliferation initiatives demonstrate its commitment to ensuring the safe and responsible use of nuclear technology while working towards a more secure and peaceful world.

Nuclear Energy for Peaceful Purposes:

Pakistan has utilized its nuclear energy capabilities for peaceful purposes, demonstrating a commitment to harnessing the potential of nuclear technology for the betterment of society. The country has focused on the development of civilian nuclear power to meet its growing energy demands, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and promote sustainable development. Pakistan operates several nuclear power plants, including the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant and the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant, which generate electricity for domestic consumption. By diversifying its energy sources, Pakistan aims to ensure a stable and reliable power supply, supporting economic growth and improving the living standards of its people.

Pakistan has actively pursued cooperation and partnerships in the field of peaceful uses of nuclear energy. It has collaborated with international organizations, such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), to enhance nuclear safety and security standards. Pakistan has engaged in knowledge sharing, capacity building, and technical assistance programs to promote the peaceful applications of nuclear technology in areas like agriculture, medicine, and industry. For instance, nuclear techniques are used in Pakistan for soil fertility mapping, pest control, food preservation, cancer treatment, and radiography, among other beneficial applications. It has shown a commitment to nuclear safety and security. And has established robust regulatory frameworks, safety protocols, and international safeguards to ensure the responsible and secure use of nuclear technology. Pakistan has actively participated in global initiatives and discussions on nuclear safety, including the implementation of International Atomic Energy Agency recommendations and guidelines.

By utilizing nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, Pakistan aims to contribute to its socio-economic development, improve the quality of life for its citizens, and address critical challenges in various sectors. It underscores the country’s commitment to the peaceful use of nuclear technology while maintaining strict adherence to international safety and security standards.

 

Conclusion:

Youm-E-Takbir serves as a reminder of Pakistan’s journey toward nuclear capability and the significance it holds for the nation’s security and pride. It highlights the importance of nuclear safety and security for states. Hence, The acquisition of nuclear weapons holds paramount importance for Pakistan due to multiple factors. Firstly, nuclear weapons are perceived as a cornerstone of Pakistan’s national security strategy, serving as a critical element of deterrence against potential adversaries, particularly India. The possession of a credible nuclear deterrent is believed to dissuade aggression and ensure the survival and security of the nation. It contributes to strategic stability by establishing a balance of power in South Asia, deterring large-scale conflicts, and reducing the risk of miscalculations. Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal also compensates for its conventional military inferiority vis-à-vis India, mitigating the risk of exploitation of conventional asymmetry. Additionally, nuclear weapons symbolize Pakistan’s sovereignty and enhance its international standing, granting the country increased bargaining power and influence in global security discussions.

Nonetheless, Pakistan’s nuclear policy emphasizes responsible stewardship, adherence to safety protocols, and engagement in non-proliferation efforts, underlining its commitment to maintaining a credible deterrent while promoting peace, stability, and global non-proliferation objectives.

Europe’s painful losses in the Russia-Ukraine war

By
Chiara Cacco
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4

The ongoing Russia-Ukraine war, coupled with the escalating Sino-American rivalry and the rise of new middle powers, has sparked concerns about the future positioning of Europe in the international order. It’s important to analyze the potential consequences of these geopolitical shifts on Europe and assess whether the continent is poised to become the world’s biggest loser in the aftermath of the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

Russia has long been a major supplier of oil and natural gas to European countries. The disruption in the flow of energy resources from Russia due to the war have severe consequences. Russia has previously used its energy supplies as a political tool to exert influence over European nations. Currently, Europe face energy shortages, price hikes, and increased dependence on alternative and potentially more expensive energy sources.

One of the most critical vulnerabilities for Europe is its reliance on Russian energy resources. Russia has long been a major supplier of oil and natural gas to European countries. The disruption in the flow of energy resources from Russia due to the war have severe consequences. Russia has previously used its energy supplies as a political tool to exert influence over European nations. Currently, Europe face energy shortages, price hikes, and increased dependence on alternative and potentially more expensive energy sources. This would not only impact the economic stability of European countries but also hinder their efforts to transition to renewable energy and combat climate change.

The Russia-Ukraine war of 2023 would undoubtedly lead to significant economic fallout for Europe. Ukraine is an important trading partner for many European nations, and disruption to its economy would have a ripple effect throughout the region. The conflict has already disrupted trade flows, causing uncertainty and decreasing investor confidence. European businesses with investments in Ukraine would face substantial losses, leading to potential job cuts and decreased economic growth. Furthermore, the imposition of sanctions by Western countries against Russia in response to its actions could also harm European businesses with ties to the Russian market, further exacerbating the economic consequences for Europe.

European countries already grappling with the aftermath of previous refugee crises, such as the Syrian conflict, would find themselves facing additional challenges in providing humanitarian aid, accommodating displaced people, and maintaining social cohesion.

The intensification of the conflict in Ukraine trigger a humanitarian crisis and a new wave of refugees seeking safety in Europe. As violence escalates, civilians caught in the crossfire compelled to flee their homes in search of security and stability. European countries already grappling with the aftermath of previous refugee crises, such as the Syrian conflict, would find themselves facing additional challenges in providing humanitarian aid, accommodating displaced people, and maintaining social cohesion. The strain on resources, infrastructure, and public sentiment put further pressure on European nations, potentially leading to social and political tensions.

The Russia-Ukraine war poses significant security challenges for Europe. The annexation of Crimea by Russia and the ongoing military conflict in the region have raised concerns among European nations regarding their own security. The conflict has already strained relationships within NATO, with member states divided on how to respond to Russian aggression. A prolonged war would likely increase military tensions and the risk of an outright military confrontation. The possibility of further territorial expansion by Russia and the potential destabilization of neighboring countries could undermine the security architecture in Europe, requiring significant adjustments to defense strategies and potentially leading to increased defense spending.

It has also the potential to reshape the geopolitical landscape of Europe and beyond. The conflict highlights Russia’s assertiveness and willingness to use military force to achieve its objectives, challenging the post-Cold War order and the principles of international law. This shift in power dynamics embolden other revisionist powers and undermine the credibility of international institutions. Europe, as a proponent of multilateralism and a rules-based international system, face setbacks in its efforts to promote peace, stability, and democracy. The conflict potentially leads to a further deterioration of diplomatic relations and cooperation between Russia and Western powers.

The war inevitably disrupts trade and supply chains in Europe. Ukraine serves as an important transit route for goods between Europe and Russia. The closure of key transportation routes or border restrictions, have a detrimental impact on trade flows. European businesses heavily reliant on trade with both Russia and Ukraine would face significant challenges, including delays, increased costs, and potential supply chain interruptions. This could hamper economic growth, particularly in sectors such as manufacturing and agriculture, which have strong ties to the region.

The conflict has already exposed divisions among European Union (EU) member states, with differing opinions on how to respond to Russia’s actions. Disagreements over imposing sanctions, providing military support, or engaging in diplomatic negotiations strain EU unity. The diverging interests and priorities of individual member states hinder the formulation of a cohesive and effective European response. This internal discord weakens Europe’s position on the global stage and undermine its ability to address other pressing challenges, such as climate change or migration.

The intensification of the Russia-Ukraine war also heightens cybersecurity threats for Europe. Both Russia and Ukraine possess significant capabilities in the realm of cyber warfare. As tensions escalate, there is a heightened risk of cyberattacks targeting critical infrastructure, government institutions, and businesses in Europe. Such attacks disrupt essential services, compromise sensitive data, and undermine public trust. Europe need to bolster its cybersecurity defenses and enhance cooperation among its member states to effectively counter these threats. The conflict diverts attention and resources away from ongoing projects aimed at further integrating European nations. The EU’s ability to address internal challenges, such as migration management, economic disparities, or institutional reforms, could be hampered. Disruptions caused by the war potentially erode public support for the European project and fuel nationalist sentiments, leading to further fragmentation within the continent. Maintaining a cohesive and united front become increasingly challenging in the face of a conflict.

Europe need to bolster its cybersecurity defenses and enhance cooperation among its member states to effectively counter these threats. The conflict diverts attention and resources away from ongoing projects aimed at further integrating European nations. The EU’s ability to address internal challenges, such as migration management, economic disparities, or institutional reforms, could be hampered.

The Russia-Ukraine war presents significant risks and challenges for Europe. From energy dependence and economic fallout to humanitarian crises, security concerns, geopolitical shifts, and disruptions in trade and supply chains, Europe stands to be profoundly impacted. It is crucial for European nations to actively engage in diplomatic efforts to de-escalate the conflict and seek a peaceful resolution. Furthermore, Europe must strive to diversify its energy sources, enhance its cybersecurity capabilities, and strengthen regional cooperation to mitigate the potential losses and navigate the uncertain future that lies ahead.

 

Book Review – The False Promise of Liberal Order: Nostalgia, Delusion and the Rise of the New Right

By
theadmin
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0

In “The False Promise of Liberal Order: Nostalgia, Delusion and the Rise of the New Right,” Patrick J. Deneen crafts a provocative and challenging critique of the current political climate, focusing specifically on the failures and shortcomings of the liberal order and the emergence of the new right. This book, in its essence, is a journey through the contradictions and paradoxes that are at the core of contemporary politics, made more complex by a compelling interplay between the past and the future, between tradition and progress, and between liberalism and conservatism.

Deneen constructs his argument around the notion that the liberal order – seen by many as a beacon of progress and enlightenment – is based on a false promise, an illusion that has been skillfully sustained and perpetuated over time. According to him, this promise has centered on individual freedom and economic prosperity but has, in fact, resulted in economic inequality, social dislocation, and a sense of shared societal purpose’s loss.

The writing style of Deneen is clear, precise, and uncompromising. His narrative is powerful, thought-provoking, and, at times, unsettling. His assertions about the liberal order are supported by solid, well-researched evidence and presented with lucidity and compelling logic.

A particularly poignant aspect of the book is its exploration of nostalgia and delusion within contemporary politics. Deneen asserts that the liberal order thrives on a sense of nostalgia for an imagined past where individual freedoms were supposedly more valued and safeguarded. However, he posits that this past never existed – at least not in the idealized form propagated by its proponents. Deneen insists that it’s a delusion that has been systematically used to distract from the systemic flaws of the liberal order and to prevent its critical examination.

“The Rise of the New Right” is a vital section of the book, detailing the emergence and strengthening of conservative movements as a response to the perceived failures of the liberal order. Deneen explains the rise of the new right as a product of frustration with the status quo, an urge to return to traditional values and beliefs, and a profound dissatisfaction with the outcomes of liberal policies.

Critically, Deneen does not gloss over the limitations and contradictions within the new right. He doesn’t present it as a panacea for the problems of the liberal order but instead portrays it as a manifestation of a broader political struggle that transcends simplistic binary categorizations.

The book is not without its limitations. Deneen’s critique of the liberal order is sweeping and at times overly generalized, not adequately considering the complexity and variation within liberal thought and policy. His framing of the liberal order as essentially false and delusional can seem biased, particularly to those who perceive value and promise in liberal ideals.

Similarly, his account of the rise of the new right tends to underplay the role of divisive and extremist elements within this movement, focusing more on its mainstream manifestations. This oversight gives a somewhat sanitized view of the new right that may not resonate with all readers, especially those aware of the extremism present in some factions of the movement.

Despite these limitations, “The False Promise of Liberal Order: Nostalgia, Delusion and the Rise of the New Right” is a significant contribution to the ongoing discourse on the future of political thought and the role of liberalism and conservatism within it. The book challenges its readers to question their preconceived notions, to confront uncomfortable truths, and to engage in a deeper and more nuanced understanding of the complexities of the contemporary political landscape.

In the last sections of the book, Deneen explores potential pathways toward a more sustainable and inclusive political future. He offers a critique of both liberal and conservative ideologies, not to render them obsolete but to suggest a way forward that can integrate the strengths of both, mitigate their weaknesses, and better serve the diverse needs of society. This solution-oriented approach is a strength of the book, signifying that it isn’t purely critique; it also contributes to the construction of future political discourse.

A pivotal point that Deneen addresses is the necessity for collective societal values. The author advocates for the formation of a shared social fabric that can serve as the foundation for the building of sustainable, just, and cohesive societies. This argument is compelling in the current times, where social fragmentation and divisiveness are at their peak, and the need for shared societal values is more critical than ever.

However, one could argue that Deneen’s analysis of nostalgia, delusion, and the rise of the new right could have benefited from a more international perspective. While the focus on American political dynamics is compelling and relevant, broadening the scope to include more diverse global experiences would have added depth to the analysis and highlighted the universal aspects of the trends he discusses.

In conclusion, whether you agree with Deneen’s thesis or not, it’s undeniable that he presents a powerful argument that challenges the complacency and normativity of our current political landscape. It is a commendable piece of literature that pushes the boundaries of conventional political discourse and encourages readers to actively participate in shaping their political futures.

Shattered Illusions: The G20 Showdown in Kashmir

By
Prof. Nazir Hussain
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0

“The G20 meeting in Kashmir seems a backfired attempt to normalize the occupation. “

After the illegal revocation of Article 370 and 35A by the BJP Government in the disputed Jammu and Kashmir in August 2019, yet again India has tried to legitimize its action to hold a Tourism Meeting of G20 in Srinagar on May 22-24, 2023. However, The Guardian reports that many G20 member states including China, Saudi Arabia, and Türkiye, along with Egypt and Oman, as special invitees, did not participate in the Srinagar meeting; Indonesia and Mexico were represented by their Delhi-based diplomats. India Today reported that ‘while China made it clear that it will not attend any meeting in Arunachal Pradesh, Ladakh and Jammu and Kashmir, Turkey, Egypt and Saudi Arabia have chosen to distance themselves from the G20 meeting in Kashmir to avoid any controversy.’ And Aljazeera reported that only 60 foreign delegates participated in the said moot; however, the expectation was for over 200 delegates.

Indian media is critical of the Srinagar moot. The Indian Tribune lamented that ‘there is also feeling of being let down after Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Indonesia joined expected absentees China and Turkey in staying away from Kashmir.’ It further stated that ‘all heavyweights in G20, barring China turned up for the Srinagar meeting…but talk was also about missing countries despite efforts to have them send diplomatic staff from Delhi as a last resort.’ Bharat Bhushan writing in the Deccan Herald states that the ‘response to G20 in Srinagar is a diplomatic setback for India.’ He further says that ‘such events make it clear that the situation in J&K is far from normal. The people of J&K have been without democratic representation for four long years.’

Indian authorities hoped that the G20 meeting will show the 2019 changes brought peace and prosperity to the region. However, to project normalcy in Srinagar, the meeting was held under very strict security arrangements; one Kashmiri resident told Aljazeera that it was the ‘normalcy of a graveyard.’ The meeting held near the famous Dal Lake is soaked with the blood of Kashmiris, who sacrificed for the liberation of their homeland. Since 1989, the new generation of Kashmiris has been brought up under intense Indian brutalities, scars of which are hard to vanish from their minds.

It seems that the Indian decision to hold a meeting in the disputed region has backfired, instead, it has internationalized the Kashmir issue once again.

The UN Special Rapporteur on Minority Issues, Fernand de Varennes, said that the ‘Indian government was seeking to normalize what some have described as a military operation by instrumentalizing a G20 meeting in a region where fears of human rights violations and violence are rife.’ Renowned American philosopher and critic, Noam Chomsky stated that ‘The most highly militarized region on earth, with population subjected to imprisonment, torture, disappearance, deprived of even the most elementary right, in a criminal occupation. It is unconscionable for G20 to hold any kind of meeting, let alone a tourism meeting, in the capital of occupied and brutalized Kashmir.’ The New York-based Committee to Protect Journalists (CJP) has said that press freedom remains under attack even as India tries to project normalcy in the disputed region. The US-based news agency, Associated Press (AP) reported that ‘G20 delegates begin meeting in disputed Kashmir, with region’s intense security largely out of view’ and the Voice of America (VOA) states that ‘India’s hosting of G20 meeting in disputed Kashmir raises questions of international acceptance.’

Many Western military officers have commanded the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP), such as Austria, Finland, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, and Croatia. (The UNMOGIP was established under UNSCR 39 of 1948). These countries are familiar with the situation inside the occupied territories and have first-hand ground information. The news about the boycott would have made their governments conscious of the actual situation anew; hence reviving the debate about the Kashmir issue in these states.

The Kashmiri diaspora also launched special campaigns to highlight the Indian illegal and unlawful occupation and defiance of the UN resolutions. The Coalition to Boycott G20 in Kashmir, a movement launched by the US-based NGO, Stand with Kashmir and a US Kashmir Diaspora Coalition (KDC) organized digital campaigns against the Indian move and highlighted the gross human rights violations by India all over the world. And a few Kashmir-origin British MPs also wrote to the UK Government about the hiding of the plight of Kashmiris in the Indian-occupied territories under the cloak of the G20 meeting.

The Indian objective to present the illegally occupied region as a showcase of normalcy has boomeranged; the Kashmir issue has once again been highlighted globally.

As China, a member of the UN Security Council boycotted the meeting, along with some other G20 member states; a UN Representative calls the meeting an instrument to hide human rights violations and violence; the US media reports Kashmir as a disputed territory; and the Kashmiri diaspora got reactivated all over the world.

It is important to highlight that it was India, who initially took the Kashmir issue to the UNSC in 1948; it was after the nuclear explosion by India (and followed by Pakistan) in May 1998 that the US President, Bill Clinton, described Kashmir as a nuclear flashpoint; and it is India, time and again due to its illegal activities, which continues to internationalize the Kashmir issue.

Therefore, Indian forceful and illegal occupation cannot change the realities; it can never eliminate the yearnings of Kashmiris for their right to self-determination enshrined by the global community through UN Resolutions. India must realize that hearts and minds cannot be conquered through the barrel of a gun.

Any illegal Indian act cannot change the hard realities in Jammu and Kashmir, which remains a disputed territory waiting for its final resolution.

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