Support Us

Write For Us!

Opinions, Analysis, and Rebuttals.

Writers Pool
About Us

A Global Digital Think-Tank on Policy Discourse.

Home Blog Page 124

The Emergence of a Sino-Russian World Order: A New Dawn or a False Dawn?

By
Dr. Usman
-
0

In recent years, the world has seen a rapid shift in power dynamics with a resurgence of two formidable forces in the international scene, namely China and Russia. In the current global political discourse, there are arguments in favor of a Sino-Russian-led world order as a more democratic and peaceful alternative to the US-dominated hegemony. But the question remains: Is this perceived Sino-Russian-led world order indeed a better choice for the globe?

An important question that underpins this debate is the inherent difference in Chinese and Russian views on the global order and governance. While they are seen by many as allies working towards a shared goal, their fundamental outlooks vary, which can influence their approach to shaping the world order.

China, a prime beneficiary of the post-Cold War order, has shown a vested interest in maintaining international institutions and processes, even as it seeks to turn them to its advantage.

This approach of ‘working within the system’ indicates a willingness to uphold certain facets of the current global order while seeking to influence its trajectory.

In contrast, Russia often operates on the principle of circumventing the system, implying that it may prefer a certain amount of disorder or disruption in the existing world order.

This is reflective of a divergent approach and poses potential challenges in harmonizing a Sino-Russian-led global order.

Furthermore, despite appearances of Sino-Russian solidarity, there is evidence suggesting that the two countries pursue separate agendas with little or no reference to each other. Their collaboration is visible in international bodies such as the UN Security Council, where they frequently coordinate their voting, particularly in vetoing Western-sponsored resolutions. However, their independent policy pursuits indicate that their alliance may be more rooted in strategic convenience than in a shared vision for a new world order.

Delving into the implications of a Sino-Russian-led world order, we must consider a number of factors. Firstly, global peace and democracy are areas of concern. Both China and Russia have faced international criticism over their domestic human rights records and attitudes towards democratic norms. This raises questions about how these issues might be reflected and potentially magnified on a global scale under their leadership.

Secondly, a Sino-Russian-led world order might replace one form of hegemony with another. Instead of a US-dominated order, the world could find itself grappling with a new hegemony led by China and Russia. This change does not necessarily signify a more democratic or peaceful global system, but instead underscores the need for a diverse, equitable, and inclusive world order.

Thirdly, economic implications cannot be overlooked. With China being the world’s second-largest economy and Russia possessing abundant natural resources, their leadership could drastically shift the global economic balance. However, concerns about market access, fair trade, and respect for intellectual property rights, especially considering China’s controversial practices in these areas, would likely intensify.

Finally, the proposition of a Sino-Russian-led world order could significantly affect global geopolitics. Western nations might respond by strengthening their alliances and partnerships to counterbalance this emerging power structure. For instance, the idea of seeking an accommodation with Moscow to weaken the Sino-Russian partnership has already been suggested.

While it is undeniably the case that the global order must evolve to reflect the changing dynamics of power, the nature of this evolution is crucial.

It’s pertinent to remember that the key pillars of a global order should ideally include respect for sovereignty, adherence to international law, upholding human rights, and promoting economic development and stability.

The assertion of a Sino-Russian-led world order prompts questions about these pillars. Would this new order prioritize these principles? Or would it propagate a different set of values altogether? If so, what would be the impact on the world’s nations, particularly those that have for decades operated under a different system?

Finally, while a Sino-Russian-led world order might seem a tantalizing proposition to some, it’s clear that it raises just as many questions as it provides answers. The better choice for the globe may not be about choosing between US-led or Sino-Russian-led orders, but about creating a more inclusive, fair, and equitable world order that respects diversity and ensures peace and prosperity for all.

 

Escalation from the Skies: Moscow Drone Attacks and Regional Impact

By
Dr. Usman
-
0

A novel frontier in warfare opened recently when a series of drone attacks caused notable disturbance in Moscow, Russia’s capital. The attacks were directed at numerous buildings in the city, inflicting minor damage but thankfully not leading to any severe injuries. This development has instigated a critical dialogue on the usage of drones in warfare, amplifying regional tensions, and has signposted a new chapter in Russia’s geopolitical orientation in the wake of its invasion of Ukraine.

The first week of May 2023 witnessed the Kremlin accusing Ukraine of attempting to assassinate President Vladimir Putin using a drone, an allegation quickly refuted by Kyiv. This allegation underlines an emergent narrative of technologically-enabled, unconventional warfare – a narrative that is increasingly defining the security landscape of the 21st century.

Prior to the Moscow incident, there had been other drone attacks, including an attack on a fuel depot in Russia’s Krasnodar Region and two freight trains derailment in Bryansk Region. A drone attack on an airbase for bombers in southern Russia in December left three people dead.

Such incidents have raised alarms about the evolving nature of warfare, which now increasingly involves remotely controlled, unmanned aircraft.

The drone attacks have several implications for Russia. Firstly, they lay bare the potential vulnerabilities in Russia’s air defense systems. Despite reports of several drones being intercepted and destroyed before reaching Moscow, the fact that some managed to hit their targets demonstrates the need for more robust and effective countermeasures against drone technology. This could potentially lead to significant investment and developments in drone countermeasures in Russia.

Moreover, the attacks can serve as a justification for Russia to escalate its defensive or even offensive measures, particularly if it continues to insist on Ukraine’s involvement. This escalation could potentially exacerbate already strained relations within the region, which have been adversely impacted by Russia’s incursion into Ukraine.

Beyond Russia, the drone attacks carry serious implications for the wider region. An escalation from Russia, based on its accusations against Ukraine, can potentially destabilize the already tense security environment in Eastern Europe. The event could trigger a regional arms race focused on drone technologies and their countermeasures, creating a more volatile and unstable geopolitical landscape.

If Russia retaliates based on its accusations against Ukraine, it could destabilize the already tenuous security environment in Eastern Europe. The drone attacks might stimulate a regional arms race centered around drone technologies and countermeasures, ushering in a more volatile geopolitical landscape.

The direct allegation against Ukraine adds a new layer of complexity to the ongoing Ukraine crisis. This situation could potentially impede diplomatic negotiations and peace efforts, further isolating Russia on the international stage and potentially leading to increased sanctions and diplomatic censure.

On a global scale, the drone attack on Moscow underscores the changing dynamics of warfare in the 21st century. Once a technology restricted to a handful of developed nations, drones are increasingly becoming accessible to a broader range of actors.

This shift gives smaller nations, non-state entities, and even individuals the capability to challenge traditional military powers.

This event serves as a stark reminder of the dangers associated with drone technology. As these technologies continue to evolve and proliferate, it is crucial for national and international security policies to adapt accordingly. This could involve increased global cooperation concerning the regulation and control of drone technology and its application in warfare.

Finally, the drone attacks on Moscow have triggered significant shifts in regional and global security paradigms. They signal the dawn of a new era of warfare and international security, defined by rapid technological advancements. The charges leveled against Ukraine by the Kremlin have exacerbated already tense regional relations. As the world grapples with these emerging challenges, the Moscow drone attacks serve as a pivotal event in the narrative of 21st-century warfare, with implications that will likely shape the geopolitical landscape for years to come.

Bangladesh Factor in China-USA Competition

By
Ambassador Naghmana Hashmi
-
0

In a surprised press statement the US Secretary of State, Blinkin announced a new visa policy apparently to support Bangladesh’s goal of holding free, fair, and peaceful national elections.  Under this policy, the United States will be able to restrict the issuance of visas for any Bangladeshi individual, believed to be responsible for, or complicit in, undermining the democratic election process in Bangladesh. This would also include current and former Bangladeshi officials, members of pro-government and opposition political parties, and members of law enforcement, the judiciary, and security services.

According to this policy actions that undermine the democratic election process include vote rigging, voter intimidation, the use of violence to prevent people from exercising their right to freedoms of association and peaceful assembly, and the use of measures designed to prevent political parties, voters, civil society, or the media from disseminating their views. Blinkin said that he was announcing this policy to lend US support to all those seeking to advance democracy in Bangladesh. These mysterious and selective preferences of the US at the time of heightened Chia-US competition need to be analyzed and accessed in detail to understand the real purpose of this sudden pressure on Bangladesh which is considered a friend of both the US and its strategic partner India.

The US is going to great lengths to ensure free and fair elections while remaining oblivious to similar considerations in other countries. Freedom of speech and a free press are considered sacrosanct by the US in one country but avoidable irritants in another.

Application of the Rule of Law is emphasized as an essential prerequisite for a functioning democracy in Bangladesh but brushed aside as an internal matter elsewhere.

It is certainly baffling why Americans have suddenly become concerned with ensuring free and fair elections in Bangladesh. One is bound to think that the US believes it is time to exert excessive pressure on Bangladesh in view of the increasing Chinese footprint in that country which the US may now find expanding beyond tolerable limits in Bangladesh, a country so strategically located in South Asia, a region gaining further significance in the US efforts to contain China. It is equally strange and fascinating to note the timing and modality by the Bangladesh government to make the entire content of the conversation with the US on this issue open to the Public. Bangladesh watchers believe this could be an attempt by Hasina to boost her vote bank by creating hype and cashing on the anti-American tirade.

China’s growing influence in the global south is increasingly felt as a challenge to the US and European interests and security and has attracted growing skepticism in the West.

For them systemic rivalry is becoming the dominant framework through which decision-makers look at relations with China. It is also a fact that this view is not fully shared even within the EU, and it is certainly not universal at the global level. Attitudes towards China’s rise are as numerous and varied as the UN’s member countries, many of whom take a more critical view of the United States and the West than of China. Beijing is certainly taking advantage of this skepticism to deepen ties with the Global South, aware that its ambition to return to global power status by 2049 will hinge on how these countries respond to the US-China rivalry.

Most developing and many developed countries’ ties with China have strengthened over the last decade. In the US-China rivalry, there is a general tendency to lean towards the United States as a security partner and China as an economic partner. Although most countries oppose taking sides; their governments hope to continue seeking out opportunities that arise from the US-China rivalry.

China’s economic engagement with Bangladesh has expanded with trade, FDI, infrastructure financing, and project development.

Security ties with China show signs of rapid expansion both in military-to-military cooperation and in arms imports. This would certainly lessen Bangladesh’s reliance on the United States and India as security provider. The relationship between Bangladesh and China took a few years to warm up, with the two countries establishing diplomatic relations only in 1976. However, by the time Bangladesh signed on to the BRI during Chinese President Xi Jinping’s visit to Dhaka in 2016, economic, security, and geopolitical necessities had ensured all-round engagement between them.

This balancing act extends well beyond security. China has been an ideal partner for Bangladesh to expand its manufacturing base to cater to diverse export markets, including the Chinese one, and to overcome infrastructure gaps through project finance and construction. Economic engagement is primarily in trade, infrastructure, and business-to-business partnerships. The energy sector has been the greatest recipient of such investment, with Bangladeshi companies establishing joint ventures with Chinese counterparts.

China has emerged as a key partner in constructing and funding several infrastructure projects in Bangladesh, such as the Padma Multipurpose Bridge project, several expressways, and power plants.

As of January 2021, the government was implementing nine crucial development projects, such as the multilane road tunnel under the Karnaphuli River, with Chinese loans and credits, the Dhaka Stock Exchange enlisted the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges as strategic partners to spur the digital modernization of the trading system. The Chinese exchanges are expected to help set up platforms with information about listed companies, offer tools to analyze performance, help increase network security and provide digital surveillance software.

The rising economic engagement has been accompanied by heightened political coordination. The CCP has been reaching out and holding meetings with the ruling Awami League and its principal opponent, the Bangladesh National Party (BNP), since at least 2015. These elite and institutional relationships have made rapid progress. In addition, China has launched multiple initiatives to develop what it calls “soft influence.” Friendship centers, cultural programs, and engagements with think tanks, newspapers, and local governments around the country are China’s channels of choice. China has also been using scholarships and educational exchanges to reach out to Bangladeshis, especially younger ones. It has emerged as the preferred overseas destination for Bangladeshi students. However, it is China’s image as an economic powerhouse that is most attractive to the public—creating the impression of it as a “wealth creator” in Bangladesh and not merely an actor passing through the country temporarily.

Bilateral relations were not always smooth and warm. China’s position towards Bangladesh has evolved over the 50 years since 1971 from hostility into a reluctant embrace and is now a “strategic partnership.” Current Bangladesh-China relations rest on a mix of pragmatism, strategic ambiguity, and political accommodation. Bangladesh and China have built a deep interdependence that is tilting increasingly in China’s favor. Convergences in their strategic calculations, for instance, their mutual view of India as a common threat – and economic incentives are the principal drivers of improving relations. With the launch of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Dhaka formally joined the BRI during President Xi’s visit to Bangladesh in 2016, when relations were upgraded to a strategic partnership.

In Bangladeshi geopolitics, India has long been at the center due to its geographic proximity. Meanwhile, as a global power, the United States has exercised the greatest economic and political leverage over Bangladesh.

Other regional powers, such as China and Japan, had a more peripheral role until China’s rise as an economic and military power cemented its ability and confirmed its willingness to exert its influence beyond its borders into South Asia, providing Bangladesh an opportunity for a new partner to the north.

Bangladesh recognized the new opportunity that China represents; realpolitik began to dictate its foreign policy calculations, powered primarily by economic incentives. China’s appeal lay in contrast with India’s hegemonic posture, coercive tactics, and resource scarcity, especially when garlanded with China’s practice of non-interference in Bangladesh’s domestic affairs. Consequently, Dhaka faces the risk of becoming embroiled in a China-India tug-of-war for regional influence. It has so far avoided this trap by maintaining balanced relations with both, emphasizing political and cultural amities with India and economic ties with China. This balancing act is growing more challenging as competition between China and the US intensifies and India’s desire to further strengthen its regional influence grows.

The 3rd Islamabad Security Dialogue: Shaping Global Agenda and Policy Making in a Divided World

By
Anam Ali
-
0

The 3rd Islamabad Security Dialogue commonly known as ISD was arranged by the Strategic Policy Planning Cell of the National Security Division housed at the Prime Minister’s Office on the 10th and 11th of May. Organizing ISD after 9th May is indeed a very commendable achievement. The theme for this year was, “Beyond Conflict? Resetting the Global Agenda in a Divided World”. The venue for this premium forum of intellectual discourse and policy was the magnificent Pak-China Friendship Center which stands in the capital of Islamabad as a testimonial to the friendship of two brotherly nations. The previous edition of ISD also took place at the same venue and as luck would have it was also during extreme uncertainty.

The ISD this year had an unmatched presence by the diplomatic corps in Islamabad. Representatives of almost all embassies were present at the dialogue. Other attendees were military officers, retired ambassadors, university professors, the think tank community, members of civil society, and students.

Traditionally the forum is inaugurated by the Prime Minister of Pakistan but this year due to his unavailability, ISD on behalf of the Prime Minister was inaugurated by the Minister of Planning and Special Initiatives. The other ministerial representation included both Federal and Minister of State of Finance, Minister of Climate Change, and Minister of State for Foreign Affairs. The ISD also had some remarkable foreign speakers like Peter Frankopan, Andrew Small, Judge Bruno Simma, Ian Fry, a country representative of the World Bank, and Zhang Nijeng.

However, the star attractions of this year’s ISD were the Commanders Forum which was hosted by the Institute of Strategic Studies Research and Analysis (ISSRA) at the National Defence University, and the National Security Advisors Forum which was hosted by the National Security Division. The commanders’ forum was attended by a Chinese senior military official and the Commander of the Indonesian armed forces and the National Security Advisers forum was attended by the advisors of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. A true reflection of the convening power of Pakistan as stated by one of the moderators.

The commander’s forum discussed the evolving nature of warfare and the national security advisor forum was stitched around regional security. It is important to mention here that the former NSA of Pakistan and former president of National Defence University General Nasser Khan Janjua also spoke at the session as a keynote speaker.

The other sessions were on economic statecraft, climate change, international law, the global transition of security, and economic security which makes the ISD an excellent mix of both traditional and non-traditional challenges. With two sessions on the economy and both state and federal ministers attending them, it is clear that the organizers want to highlight the economic turbulence Pakistan is going through. Unfortunately, not a lot was discussed during these sessions except for the fact that both ministers were very forthcoming with an understanding of problems.

Another highlight of ISD was the participation of other think tanks that not only hosted sessions at the event but also had very elaborate booths where attendees were able to receive printed literature on the think tanks. This again is a tradition of the dialogue and is a reflection of the inclusive mindset of the team that organizes this dialogue.

Although the ISD is a policy conference, it should address some serious political and regional challenges as well. For example, it should highlight the Kashmir issue. Maybe a special session on IIOJ&K should be a feature at ISD and the world needs to be continually reminded of the atrocities that are carried out by the Indian army. Another thing that should be done is that ISD should have some more speakers from the Muslim world. Pakistan is losing its influence in the Middle East and forums like ISD can provide a platform to engage with these countries at the highest policy level.

It seems that the Middle East is completely ignored by the organizers, a discussion on the recent thaw between Saudi Arabia and Iran would have been beneficial for the audience. One more suggestion to the organizers is that a special session on terrorism should also be arranged as the menace has started to resurface in the country.

The ISD was a success in terms of quality discussions and how they will shape the policy-making process in Pakistan and beyond.

Nuclear Technology: Revolutionizing Pakistan’s Health Sector

By
Tayyaba Khurshid
-
0

In today’s rapidly advancing world, it is crucial for nations to explore innovative solutions to bolster their healthcare systems. One such avenue with immense potential is the utilization of nuclear technology in the field of medicine. Developed states around the globe have already embraced this groundbreaking approach, reaping numerous benefits and transforming their health sectors.

Nuclear energy has proven itself as a game-changer, revolutionizing medical diagnoses, treatments, and research. The successful integration of nuclear technology in healthcare has propelled these nations to the forefront of medical advancements, and it’s high time for Pakistan to follow suit.

The application of nuclear technology in the health sector brings forth a myriad of advantages. Firstly, it enables precise and accurate diagnoses, leading to the early detection of diseases that may have otherwise gone unnoticed. Advanced imaging techniques, such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans, utilize radioisotopes produced through nuclear reactions to create detailed images of internal organs and tissues. This enables physicians to detect and treat ailments at their earliest stages, significantly improving patient outcomes and saving countless lives. Nuclear energy plays a vital role in cancer treatment. Radiotherapy, a widely employed technique in the fight against cancer, utilizes ionizing radiation produced by nuclear reactors to target and destroy malignant cells. This non-invasive approach offers a powerful weapon in the battle against this devastating disease, granting hope to millions affected by cancer worldwide. By embracing nuclear technology, Pakistan can enhance its oncological capabilities, offering its citizens access to state-of-the-art treatments and reducing the burden of this affliction on society.

Furthermore, nuclear research has the potential to unlock groundbreaking medical discoveries. The production of isotopes in nuclear reactors is indispensable for various medical procedures, including radiation therapy, imaging, and pharmaceutical research. Additionally, nuclear techniques like neutron activation analysis facilitate the identification of trace elements in biological samples, aiding in the diagnosis and monitoring of various diseases.

By investing in nuclear research and development, Pakistan can foster a fertile ground for medical breakthroughs, attracting brilliant minds and driving innovation within the country.

Pakistan’s Impressive Milestones in the Health Sector

Pakistan has demonstrated a commendable commitment to harnessing the potential of nuclear energy in its health sector, with remarkable progress achieved through dedicated institutions and collaborative initiatives. The Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), recognized for its excellence in nuclear sciences and technology, has actively contributed to the integration of nuclear techniques in medicine. PIEAS offers specialized programs in medical physics, nuclear medicine, and radiation oncology, equipping aspiring professionals with the knowledge and skills necessary to drive innovation in the healthcare domain.

In addition to PAEC and PIEAS, the Nuclear Medicine, Oncology, and Radiotherapy Institutes (NORI) in Islamabad and the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre in Lahore have emerged as premier centers for nuclear medicine and radiation oncology. These institutions employ state-of-the-art facilities, including advanced positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) scanners, gamma cameras, and radiation therapy equipment. Through multidisciplinary collaborations and rigorous research, they have been instrumental in advancing the field of nuclear medicine and radiotherapy in Pakistan.

Furthermore, Pakistan has actively engaged in international collaborations to enhance its capabilities in utilizing nuclear technology for healthcare. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has been a valuable partner, supporting Pakistan in areas such as nuclear medicine, radiotherapy, and radiopharmaceutical production.

Collaborative projects with IAEA have enabled knowledge exchange, capacity building, and access to cutting-edge technologies, thereby bolstering Pakistan’s expertise in nuclear medicine.

It is worth noting that Pakistan’s progress in incorporating nuclear energy in the health sector extends beyond clinical applications. The country has also made significant strides in producing radiopharmaceuticals, essential for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) has been actively involved in the production of radiopharmaceuticals, contributing to the availability and accessibility of these crucial medical substances within the country.

Through the concerted efforts of these esteemed institutions and collaborative endeavors, Pakistan has made significant headway in leveraging nuclear energy for the betterment of its health sector. The commitment to research, state-of-the-art facilities, and international partnerships has positioned Pakistan as a regional leader in nuclear medicine, radiation oncology, and related fields. With a continued focus on innovation and collaboration, Pakistan has the potential to further strengthen its healthcare system, offering advanced diagnostics, effective treatments, and improved patient care for its population.

As we witness the remarkable progress made by developed states in harnessing nuclear technology for healthcare, it becomes evident that Pakistan must seize this opportunity to revolutionize its own health sector and avail the maximum output. By investing in nuclear energy and its applications in medicine, we can significantly enhance diagnostic capabilities, improve cancer treatment outcomes, and foster a research environment that propels medical advancements. There is a need to embark on this transformative journey, for a healthier and brighter future for all Pakistanis and Pakistan can achieve more in this journey towards ensuring Human security issues in Pakistan.

South Asian Nuclear Politics and the Role of Disruptive Technologies

By
Dr. Attiq Ur Rehman
-
0

The completion of twenty-five years of South Asian nuclear politics has refreshed the international debates on the ongoing nuclear arms race between New Delhi and Islamabad.

The leading intellectual circles of the international strategic community have started analyzing the role of nuclear weapons in the intense regional security environment of South Asia.

New Delhi is strong-minded in opposing the formal standings of Islamabad on various regional and extra-regional affairs. Indian quest for undermining the position of Pakistan on various international issues generally and South Asia conflicts particularly, fundamentally provided Pakistan an opportunity for securing a nuclear weapon status in its home region, parallel to counterbalancing New Delhi’s regional hegemonic ambitions in South Asia. In other words, Indian persistently multiplying anti-Pakistani global and regional engagements inflicted a sense of insecurity in Pakistan’s security and compelled the government of Pakistan to declare its nuclear weapon status in 1998.

In response to the Indian nuclear weapon tests, Pakistan’s decision to detonate its nuclear devices on May 28, 1998, communicated to the whole world Islamabad’s determination to keep South Asian regions peaceful and table. Pakistan’s quest for matching its strategic capabilities with India is primarily inherited in the decades-long New Delhi-Islamabad rivalry in which Indian state officials always remained active in implementing their regionally hegemonic ambition against the territorially adjoining states of India. In reaction to the Indian objective of dominating the politics of its home region, Islamabad-based formal decision-makers of the government always tried to remain defensive against Indian offensive regional moves in South Asian regional politics. In short, it is more appropriate to maintain that the arrival of nuclear weapons in South Asia has added another chapter in the history of the South Asian subcontinent where Indian quest for keeping regional politics under its influence has witnessed various patterns of New Delhi’s increasing reliance on the extension of its strategic capabilities in the territorial and maritime affairs of South Asia.

The incompatible political communication and hostile diplomatic coordination between New Delhi and Islamabad can be analyzed by maintaining a comprehensive account of South Asian regional politics, where New Delhi has adopted strategically offensive behavior against its territorially adjoining nations. In this way, several actors are damaging the scope of peace and stability in the South Asian nuclearized subcontinent, which are strongly linked with the contesting strategic attributes of New Delhi and Islamabad.

An impartial and balanced analysis of South Asian nuclear politics depicts that the regional strategic matrix of South Asia is heavily dependent on Indian strategic aspirations.

New Delhi-specific strategic community has instructed the Indian mainstream defense planners to acquire various modern warfare technologies under the nuclear shadows. While aligning these advanced technologies with its regular armed forces, the Indian government has started diversifying its existing defense capabilities without calculating its impacts on the regional security environment of nuclearized subcontinent. With the objective of integrating modern warfare technologies into conventional and non-conventional defense planning, leading Indian political authorities have decided to keep the Indian indigenous defense industry aligned with the technologically advanced and economically developed nations. This trend has resulted in New Delhi’s emerging strategic collaboration with various states located in different regions, parallel to allowing New Delhi to formulate its strategic bilateral strategic collaborations with the states with modern warfare technologies. New Delhi-based strategic community has formally acknowledged the significance of modern warfare technologies in Indian mainstream defense planning. Additionally, various declassified government documents and several official policy papers of the Indian government have also confirmed the role of modern weapons systems in Indian defense planning. For acquiring new means of information technology, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Indian domestic weapon industry is heavily engaged in upgrading its conventional defense capabilities with the support of AI technologies. The online information available on the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) website and the official document of the Indian Land Warfare Doctrine-2018 can be seen to validate the growing connection between modern warfare technologies and the Indian indigenous defense industry. The DRDO is actively engaged in building a fully-autonomous and semi-autonomous weapons system and consistently bringing doctrinal alterations in New Delhi’s defense policies.

In the domain of AI technology, New Delhi has created various multileveled collaborations with technologically advanced nations, resulting in a complex web of New Delhi’s strategic partnerships worldwide.

Based on the scenario mentioned above, it can easily be maintained that the India-Pakistan strategic competition is the gravitational point of the South Asian regional security environment in which the arrival of nuclear weapons has dramatically changed the nature of the bilateral conflict between the two neighboring states of South Asia. An impartial and balanced analytical survey of India-Pakistan nuclear history reveals that the mainstream defense planners from New Delhi are strong-minded in keeping the regional strategic balance in Indian favor while pushing Islamabad at a disadvantageous position in the broader South Asian regional politics.

In this way, the combination of the anti-Pakistani Indian mindset and New Delhi’s quest for improving its strategic capabilities in the territorial and maritime affairs of South Asia directly undermines the scope of peace and stability in the nuclearized region. In other words, the unprecedented growth of the South Asian regional security environment under the contesting strategic attributes of India and Pakistan has validated that Indian growing reliance on advanced warfare technologies and its growing strategic engagements with different states from across the globe leave worse impacts on the scope of regional stability under the nuclear shadows.

The arrival of Modi in Indian politics as fourteen Indian Prime Ministers of India added another chapter in the history of South Asian regional politics in which the Modi government is persistently integrating advanced weapon systems with the conventional Indian defense system. Modi’s anti-Pakistani ideology and its vivid reflection in New Delhi’s strategic calculations is another essential factor that could not be marginalized in the debates of South Asian nuclearization. Akin to Modi’s determination to bring major technological developments in security and defense, the post-1998 developments in the Indian dense industry showed that the growing dependence on modern warfare technologies had become an inevitable dimension of New Delhi’s mainstream defense planning.

It can rationally be maintained that the increasing significance of modern warfare technologies poses serious challenges to the South Asian deterrence model between two neighboring states.

A comprehensive overview of the twenty-five years India-Pakistan conflict suggests that the continuation of contemporary patterns of New Delhi’s defense planning contains the substantial potential for pushing whole regional politics toward a critical future scenario where an intense strategic competition between India and Pakistan could jeopardize the security of the entire region.

The serious attention of the advocators of peace and stability from around the globe is required in this regard, and the power centers of the West are also required to rationally evaluate the ongoing strategic competition between pair of South Asia nuclear weapons states while keeping aside their India-centric economic and strategic interests.

Artificial Intelligence: The Engine of China’s Future Economic Growth

By
Dr. Zukun Lyu
-
0

China is set on a course that steers its technological prowess towards one clear direction: Artificial Intelligence (AI). Backed by a robust infrastructure and impressive human capital, China’s trajectory in AI is not just about technological supremacy; it’s about bolstering its economic vitality and global influence. This trajectory is neatly outlined in the “New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan” (AIDP), issued by China’s State Council on July 20, 2017. The plan lays down an ambitious roadmap with targets set until 2030, signalling a long-term commitment towards an AI-driven future.

It’s important to highlight that China’s AI endeavour is not merely limited to papers and conferences; it’s about tangible, transformative changes across various sectors of its economy. According to the plan, by 2030, AI should lay the foundation for China’s economic dominance, finding applications across a plethora of industries, including manufacturing.

Despite a dip in venture financing deals in China’s AI sector in 2019, there remains a profound optimism regarding the industry’s future and its significant role in shaping the country’s economic growth.

China’s aspiration to achieve AI supremacy, coupled with its economic growth ambitions, is reflected in its approach to investing in AI research, development, and application.

China’s strategic plan envisions AI as the backbone of its industrial revolution, projecting a new paradigm of smart, efficient, and automated industries. Manufacturing, for instance, stands to be transformed entirely through AI’s integration. AI-based systems can streamline processes, minimize waste, improve quality control, and ultimately enhance productivity. AI can also play a critical role in predicting market trends and consumer behaviors, helping businesses make data-driven decisions and unlock unprecedented economic value.

In addition, the plan extends AI’s footprint to a host of other sectors. These include agriculture, where AI can optimize resource management and enhance crop yields; transportation, where AI can drive the development of smart and sustainable mobility solutions; and public security, where AI can leverage data to ensure safer communities. Furthermore, in sectors like healthcare, AI holds the promise of improving diagnostics and patient care, leading to healthier populations and thus, a more productive workforce.

The plan also earmarks AI’s role in the financial sector, leveraging AI’s predictive capabilities for risk assessment, fraud detection, and personalized financial services. By enabling smarter financial practices, China not only fortifies its economic infrastructure but also fosters a more inclusive financial ecosystem, encouraging economic participation from all strata of society.

An essential aspect of the AI development plan is its emphasis on cultivating AI talents. As the saying goes, ‘a country’s most valuable resource is its people.’

By investing in education and training for AI, China is paving the way for a new generation of innovators who can drive AI development and its economic implications further.

However, the journey towards realizing this ambitious vision hasn’t been entirely smooth. There were concerns about an “AI winter” in China due to a slowdown in AI investment in 2019. Despite this temporary setback, experts remain optimistic about the transformative potential of AI in the country’s future.

In the face of challenges, China’s strategy pivots on a three-pronged approach. First, a continuous investment in developing human capital, by nurturing a new generation of AI scientists and engineers. Second, encouraging both public and private investment in AI to fuel its advancement. Third, a strong policy framework that promotes AI integration into key sectors of the economy.

While the prospects are promising, challenges are inevitable. These include managing the societal impact of AI, such as job displacement due to automation, and navigating the ethical and privacy concerns associated with AI. China’s plan acknowledges these challenges, highlighting the need for regulatory frameworks that promote the responsible and ethical use of AI.

Overall, China’s future plans for AI signal an era of significant transformation. The country’s economic growth will not just be a reflection of numbers but a testament to its technological prowess, strategic planning, and its ability to turn AI’s potential into tangible economic value. As China continues on this path, the implications will extend beyond its borders, influencing global economic landscapes and setting new norms for how we understand and interact with technology.

The economic implications of China’s AI push are vast and varied. As the country progresses towards its AI-driven future, it’s clear that the transformative potential of AI will shape the contours of China’s economy, with effects that will reverberate globally. With its eyes set firmly on the future, China’s strategic embrace of AI showcases a bold and ambitious vision, one that encapsulates not just the future of technology, but the future of economic growth and prosperity.

From Local to Global: Exploring Globalization’s Role in South Asian Landscapes

By
Dr. Usman
-
0

The world is increasingly interconnected, largely driven by the forces of globalization. For the economies of South Asia, which include major countries such as Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, globalization has shaped their economic landscapes in several significant ways.

Globalization is a multifaceted phenomenon encompassing economic, social, and political dimensions, all of which have distinct impacts on the economies of South Asian nations. The time frame of analysis, spanning from 1971 to 2023, allows for the examination of both short-term and long-term effects of these global forces.

Economic globalization, the most prominent aspect, is chiefly characterized by the liberalization of trade, investment, and financial flows. South Asian economies have actively pursued policies that open their markets to foreign trade and investment. This shift has led to an increase in foreign direct investment (FDI), which has been instrumental in technological advancement and job creation in these countries.

Increased trade openness has also enabled South Asian countries to participate more actively in the global economy. They have benefited from access to larger markets and a wider range of products and services. This has fueled economic growth, enhanced consumer choice, and reduced costs. However, it has also posed challenges, particularly for industries that struggle to compete with foreign counterparts and for sectors vulnerable to global economic shocks.

The role of globalization in the South Asian context extends beyond purely economic considerations. Social globalization, encompassing aspects like cultural exchange, migration, and the spread of ideas and information, has also had a considerable impact. Migration, for instance, has been a crucial element of South Asia’s engagement with the world.

The region has seen significant outward migration, with many South Asians seeking work abroad. Remittances from these overseas workers have become a vital source of income for their home countries, contributing to economic stability and growth.

Moreover, the spread of information and ideas, facilitated by the internet and social media, has had profound economic implications. It has led to the rise of new industries like IT and digital services, contributing to economic diversification, job creation, and growth.

Political globalization, too, has influenced South Asia’s economic trajectory. The region’s engagement with international organizations like the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Trade Organization (WTO) has had implications for economic policy and governance. These institutions often advocate for market-oriented reforms and fiscal discipline, influencing the economic policies pursued by South Asian countries.

Economic, social, and political aspects of globalization have particular relevance to the region’s political climate. Economic globalization, with its emphasis on liberalization and integration with the global economy, has influenced domestic policy making in South Asia.

Governments have had to adapt to an increasingly globalized economic order, where decisions about trade, investment, and monetary policy are interlinked with international market dynamics.

In response, political parties across the spectrum have had to incorporate globalization-related issues into their platforms. There is a growing focus on foreign trade agreements, international investment treaties, and structural reforms to boost competitiveness. These issues have become key points of debate in political discourse.

Social globalization, characterized by the increased movement of people, ideas, and cultures, has introduced new dynamics into South Asian politics. Migration, for instance, has become a critical issue. The exodus of South Asians seeking employment abroad, and the influx of migrants and refugees into South Asian countries, has posed policy challenges and fueled political debates.

Moreover, the spread of information through social media and other digital platforms has fundamentally changed political campaigning and engagement. Politicians and parties can now reach constituents directly, influencing public opinion and mobilizing support. However, the proliferation of digital communication also introduces concerns about misinformation and its potential to sway political outcomes.

Despite the many advantages, globalization also presents challenges to South Asia’s economies. The increased exposure to global economic trends makes these countries vulnerable to external shocks. This was evident during the global financial crisis of 2008, where economic downturns in the West had significant repercussions in South Asia.

Moreover, while globalization has spurred economic growth, it has also raised concerns about income inequality and environmental sustainability. Rapid economic growth has not always translated into equitable wealth distribution. In several South Asian countries, economic liberalization has been accompanied by growing income disparities. Similarly, increased industrialization and economic activity have put pressure on the environment, raising questions about the sustainability of current growth patterns.

Finally, globalization has profoundly shaped South Asia’s economic landscape. It has driven economic growth, promoted technological advancement, and fostered greater integration with the global economy. However, it has also posed challenges that require careful management. As South Asian countries continue to navigate the path of globalization, it is imperative that they pursue strategies that maximize the benefits while mitigating the risks, ensuring that economic growth is inclusive, sustainable, and resilient to global shocks.

Nuclear Technology and Food Security

By
Hira Bashir
-
1

Human security is a new concept in security studies that emerged in the 1990s in the arena of global politics and shifted the focus of security studies from state-centric to human-centric. The concept has evolved to prioritize the well-being of individuals. According to the United Nations Human Development Report 1994, human security encompasses challenges and threats in seven key areas: economic security, food security, water security, health security, and environmental security.

Pakistani people face several of these threats, especially in the context of climate change and this impacts food security. According to the 2022 Global Food Security Index (GFSI), Pakistan is the 5th most vulnerable country in the world concerning climate change.

Nuclear technology is used to induce mutations in crops to develop new and improved varieties. In this process, seeds are exposed to radiation, which causes changes in the DNA of the plant. These mutations can result in desirable traits such as improved yield, resistance to pests and diseases, and tolerance to drought or salinity. By developing new crop varieties with improved characteristics such as increased yield, resistance to pests and diseases, and tolerance to environmental stresses like drought or salinity, agricultural productivity can be enhanced. This can help ensure an adequate and stable food supply, reducing the risk of hunger and improving food security for communities and nations. Nuclear technology also irradiates food to control spoilage and extend shelf life. Irradiation can also be used to eliminate pathogens such as bacteria and viruses that cause foodborne illnesses that lead to clean eating.

Moreover, nuclear technology has the potential to aid in Pakistan’s economic recovery. PAEC scientists have created a variety of cotton, NIAB-78 mutant, which produced an additional income of Rs. 90 billion for Pakistan since its cultivation began in 1983 until the early 2000s. NIAB-78 covered almost 80 percent of the cotton-cultivated areas in Punjab and Sindh. NIAB-78 resulted in an increase in cotton production from 4.7 million bales to 12.7 million bales per year. Until April 2018, 43 mutant varieties produced by NIAB have added income of $6 billion to Pakistan’s national economy.

In Pakistan, there are four institutes that focus on agricultural and biological research such as the Nuclear Institute for Agriculture (NIA) in Tandojam, Sindh (established in 1962), the Nuclear Institute for Agriculture & Biology (NIAB) (established in 1972), the National Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) in Faisalabad, Punjab (established in 1994), and the Nuclear Institute for Food & Agriculture (NIFA) in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (established in 1982).

These institutes work on various aspects of agriculture, such as improving crops, controlling insect pests, enhancing animal production and health, ensuring food and environmental protection, and managing soil water and plant nutrition. Through their research efforts, they have developed new varieties of important crops like wheat, cotton, rice, mung bean, chickpea, lentil, sugarcane, castor bean, kinnow (a citrus fruit), sesame, tomato, and brassica (a group of vegetables).

These improved varieties have several advantages. They are high-yielding, meaning they produce more harvest per unit of land. They are also able to withstand high temperatures, making them more tolerant to heat stress. Additionally, these varieties resist common insects and diseases, reducing the need for chemical pesticides. Moreover, they have higher nutritional value, providing better quality food.

Recognizing the importance of food security, the government should develop comprehensive policies that address the challenges faced by the agricultural sector.

This can include promoting sustainable agricultural practices, supporting small-scale farmers, improving access to credit and markets, and investing in rural infrastructure. Furthermore, efforts should be made to reduce post-harvest losses

Enhancing Belarus-Pakistan Bilateral Cooperation

By
Asma Khan Durrani
-
0

Belarus and Pakistan, geographically distant and culturally diverse countries, have been developing a relationship based on mutual respect and shared interests. While the two nations are separated by thousands of miles, they have taken significant steps to enhance diplomatic, economic, and cultural cooperation. Belarusian and Pakistani relations have been evolving, in key areas of collaboration and have potential for further strengthening bilateral ties.

Belarus and Pakistan established diplomatic relations in 1992, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Since then, both countries have worked to foster stronger ties, facilitating frequent high-level visits and engagements. The historical bond of friendship and cooperation has laid a solid foundation for exploring various avenues of collaboration. Economic cooperation between Belarus and Pakistan has witnessed positive growth in recent years. Bilateral trade, although still modest, has shown potential for expansion. Both countries have expressed interest in diversifying trade and investment opportunities, particularly in sectors such as agriculture, machinery, pharmaceuticals, and textiles. Efforts to enhance economic cooperation have been bolstered by the establishment of joint trade committees, trade exhibitions, and business forums, which provide platforms for entrepreneurs and investors to explore potential partnerships.

According to the Foreign Office, Belarus Foreign Minister Sergei Aleinik’s visit to Islamabad.  Aleinik is in Pakistan at the request of Pakistan’s FM Bilawal Bhutto Zardari. The purpose of the visit was to explore bilateral ties. The two foreign ministers undertook extensive discussions across a variety of bilaterally relevant themes. Examined ways to further their bilateral collaboration in the areas of politics, economy, military, and science and technology.

Belarus, is a steadfast ally of Russia, it is used as a staging area for the invasion of Ukraine. By supporting Moscow in the Ukrainian War, it is opposing the West. Albeit, the travel of its foreign minister to Pakistan may cause some concern in the capitals of Western nations, because of the conflict in Ukraine. But A Foreign office official insisted “Don’t read too much into the visit.” Pakistan has had longstanding ties with Belarus and it had nothing to do with the conflict in Ukraine.

Bobruiskagromash, a mechanical engineering firm from Belarus, wants to expand collaboration with Pakistan. Sajjad Haider Khan, the Pakistani ambassador to Belarus, paid a visit to the company. He was shown the company’s production capabilities and given a tour of their selection of agricultural equipment. Since cotton is a major crop in Pakistan and takes up 15% of the nation’s arable land, special attention was dedicated to cotton cultivation and harvesting equipment.

It was decided what the major focuses of bilateral collaboration should be in order to introduce Bobruiskagromash machines to the Pakistani market. According to a formal statement, issues relating to the management of assembly manufacture and after-sales support, and reciprocal shipments of components and parts from Pakistan, are underway.

Belarus and Pakistan share a history of defense collaboration, including military training, exchanges, and joint exercises. The two nations have engaged in military equipment and technology transfers, which have further solidified their defense ties. Belarusian defense industries have provided equipment and expertise to Pakistan, strengthening its defense capabilities. This cooperation reflects a mutual understanding of shared security concerns and a commitment to regional stability.

Education and cultural exchanges form an essential aspect of Belarusian and Pakistani relations. Several scholarships and exchange programs have been established to promote academic cooperation and cultural understanding between the two nations. Students from Belarus and Pakistan have the opportunity to study in each other’s countries, fostering people-to-people connections and nurturing long-term friendships. Cultural events, such as exhibitions, film festivals, and artistic performances, provide a platform for sharing cultural heritage and strengthening cultural ties.

Despite the existing areas of cooperation, there is untapped potential for further enhancing Belarusian and Pakistani relations. The sectors of agriculture, energy, pharmaceuticals, and information technology offer opportunities for expanded trade and investment. Increased people-to-people contacts through tourism, academic exchanges, and cultural initiatives can contribute to a deeper understanding and appreciation of each other’s cultures. Strengthening diplomatic ties and exchanging expertise in areas such as diplomacy, healthcare, and technology can further enhance cooperation.

Belarusian and Pakistani relations have witnessed steady progress since the establishment of diplomatic ties. The bilateral collaboration spans various sectors, including trade, defense, education, and culture. As both nations continue to explore new avenues of cooperation, there is immense potential for further strengthening their relationship. By building on the existing foundation of friendship and shared interests, Belarus and Pakistan can forge deeper ties that benefit their economies, enhance regional security, and promote people-to-people exchanges. The future holds promise for a more robust and dynamic Belarusian and Pakistani partnership.

1...123124125...146Page 124 of 146

Stratheia aims to be a global pioneer in the field of strategic intelligence. Our independent team of researchers cover topics ranging from the latest geopolitical events, to public policy, cyber security, and intelligence analytics.

Share with Us

Opinions, Analysis, and Rebuttals.

Write for us
About Us
Writers Pool

© All Rights Reserved. Stratheia, 2024