Support Us

Write For Us!

Opinions, Analysis, and Rebuttals.

Writers Pool
About Us

A Global Digital Think-Tank on Policy Discourse.

Home Blog Page 118

The Battle Against Digital Piracy: Safeguarding Intellectual Property and Cybersecurity

By
Rimsha Malik
-
3

We live in a digital world where we can access any content we want with a click of a button. But what if that content is stolen from its rightful owners? What if we are putting ourselves and our devices at risk by downloading or streaming pirated material? This is the reality of digital piracy, a global problem that affects us all. Digital piracy is stealing creative works such as software, movies, music, e-books, and more. It robs content creators of their hard-earned income and their ability to make a living from their talents. It also exposes us to cyberattacks that can steal our personal data and damage our devices.

Digital piracy kills innovation and creativity by making it harder for content creators to fund new projects and produce original and high-quality content.

We need to respect the intellectual property rights of content creators and support them by consuming their content legally and ethically.

The Impact of Digital Piracy on Cybersecurity

Digital piracy undermines cybersecurity in various ways, leaving a trail of consequences that extend far beyond financial losses. Numerous reports highlight the correlation between digital piracy platforms and the proliferation of malware. According to cybersecurity firm McAfee, a significant portion of pirated software downloads includes malware, which can compromise user devices and personal data, potentially leading to devastating cyberattacks. The music and film industries have been heavily impacted by digital piracy.

The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) reported that in 2020, 27% of global music consumers accessed unauthorized music sources, resulting in an estimated loss of $2.7 billion.

These financial setbacks impede investment in cybersecurity measures and innovative content creation. Major companies have experienced substantial revenue losses due to digital piracy. For instance, the Motion Picture Association estimated that the global film industry suffered a revenue loss of approximately $6.1 billion in 2020 due to piracy. Such financial setbacks hinder the ability to allocate resources toward cybersecurity enhancements, ultimately endangering user data.

The high cost of digital content and geographical restrictions contribute to the prevalence of piracy. For example, a study conducted by Ernst & Young revealed that in some countries, the average price of digital content is significantly higher compared to the average income, driving users towards pirated alternatives for affordability. Technological advancements have made it easier to copy and distribute copyrighted material. Peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing networks, streaming platforms, and torrent websites provide convenient avenues for sharing pirated content globally. The ease of access and anonymity provided by these platforms fuels the growth of digital piracy. Cultural attitudes towards intellectual property and piracy differ across regions. For instance, in some countries, the cultural perception of piracy as a victimless crime or an act of civil disobedience contributes to its social acceptance. These attitudes, combined with limited awareness of the consequences, further perpetuate piracy practices.

Combating Digital Piracy: A Multi-pronged Approach

Addressing digital piracy requires a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach that encompasses legal, technological, and educational interventions. Governments worldwide must establish and enforce robust intellectual property laws. For example, in 2021, the European Union implemented the Digital Services Act, imposing stricter regulations on online platforms to combat piracy and protect intellectual property rights. Such legal measures act as deterrents and provide a foundation for international cooperation against piracy.

Digital rights management (DRM) systems play a vital role in protecting content and mitigating piracy. Primary streaming services like Netflix and Spotify employ sophisticated DRM technologies to safeguard their content from unauthorized access and distribution. Collaboration with ISPs to implement site-blocking measures has also proven effective in reducing access to piracy platforms. Raising awareness about the consequences of piracy is crucial. Organizations such as Creative Content UK (CCUK) have launched educational campaigns in schools and colleges to educate students about piracy’s ethical and economic implications. These initiatives aim to foster a culture of respect for intellectual property and discourage participation in piracy.

Digital piracy poses a significant challenge to cybersecurity on an international scale. By strengthening legal frameworks, implementing technological solutions, and promoting education and awareness, we can combat piracy effectively.

International cooperation and a collective effort are essential in protecting digital assets, encouraging innovation, and safeguarding the cybersecurity landscape for the benefit of all.

Understanding Climate Change and Evidence of Human Influence

By
Dr. Usman
-
2

Climate change is a pressing global issue that poses significant challenges to the environment, societies, and economies. Extensive scientific research confirms that human behavior is the primary driver behind climatic changes and global warming. The consequences of climate change are far-reaching, including rising temperatures, sea-level rise, increased frequency of extreme weather events, and threats to biodiversity. To address this crisis effectively, it is crucial for individuals, communities, governments, and international organizations to understand the causes of climate change and explore possible human responses. The vital thing to examines the scientific evidence of climate change, highlights the need for urgent action, and explores potential responses to mitigate and adapt to the changing climate.

Scientists and politicians widely recognize climate change as a planetary crisis with severe consequences. Overwhelming evidence confirms that the Earth’s surface temperature has risen approximately 1.1°C since 1850, and each successive decade has been warmer than the previous one. This increase aligns with the industrial era, during which greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), have been predominantly emitted through fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. The connection between carbon dioxide levels and global warming has been well-established.

Human behavior and greenhouse gas emissions play a pivotal role in driving climate change. Without human-induced greenhouse gas emissions, global warming would have been significantly lower.

The impacts of human-induced warming are already observable, with rapid ice melting, increased weather-related disasters, rising sea levels, and ocean acidification. The scientific consensus unequivocally asserts that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, oceans, and land.

Shifting away from fossil fuel-based energy sources and embracing renewable energy is crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Investments in solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal energy technologies can help mitigate climate change. Government incentives, policy frameworks, and public-private partnerships are essential to accelerate the adoption of renewable energy solutions.

Protecting existing forests and implementing large-scale reforestation programs can act as effective carbon sinks, absorbing atmospheric CO2 and mitigating climate change. Restoring nature through tree planting, seagrass restoration, and sustainable agricultural practices can contribute to carbon dioxide mitigation efforts while benefiting biodiversity.

Advancements in technology offer opportunities to reduce emissions and capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Research and development in energy storage, carbon capture and storage (CCS), and enhanced energy efficiency can significantly contribute to combating climate change.

As the impacts of climate change continue to manifest, it is crucial to implement adaptation measures to increase resilience. Communities and governments should focus on developing strategies to address rising sea levels, droughts, floods, and other climate-related risks. These strategies may include infrastructure improvements, land-use planning, and disaster management initiatives.

Climate change is a global issue that requires collaboration among nations. The Paris Climate Agreement, signed by over 200 countries, aims to limit global warming to well below 2°C and pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5°C.

Continued international cooperation, commitment to emission reduction targets, and sharing of best practices are essential for effectively addressing climate change.

The Economic Impact of Climate Change: Climate change poses significant risks to the global economy. Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and environmental degradation can disrupt various sectors, leading to property damage, infrastructure disruption, and reduced agricultural productivity. Studies suggest that without proper action, the U.S. economy alone could face annual losses of $520 billion under a higher-temperature scenario. Climate disasters have already cost North America $415 billion in the last three years. Vulnerable industries such as agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and tourism are particularly at risk. Furthermore, climate change can exacerbate income inequality and negatively impact marginalized communities.

To mitigate the economic impact of climate change, achieving net-zero emissions is crucial. Transitioning to renewable energy sources, investing in sustainable infrastructure, and promoting green technologies can create new economic opportunities and foster long-term economic growth. Additionally, implementing adaptation measures, such as enhancing resilience in critical infrastructure and diversifying industries, can help reduce economic vulnerabilities.

Climate change is an urgent global challenge that demands immediate action. Human behavior has been identified as the primary driver of climate change, and the evidence supporting this is overwhelming. To mitigate and adapt to the changing climate, a range of human responses is necessary. Transitioning to renewable energy sources, protecting forests, promoting technological innovations, implementing adaptation strategies, and fostering international cooperation are key steps in addressing climate change. The time to act is now, and by embracing these responses, we can strive towards a sustainable and resilient future for ourselves and future generations.

Ukraine War and Accelerating the Eastward Shift of Power in Europe

By
Saba Kiran
-
1

The Ukraine War has had a profound impact on the European balance of power, leading to significant shifts in the geopolitical landscape. Prior to the conflict, Germany sought to establish an alternative power center to the United States by collaborating with like-minded states and questioning the relevance of NATO. However, the war has disrupted this vision and exposed the vulnerabilities of the European security architecture. It’s vital to explores the effects of the Ukraine War on the European balance of power, focusing on the shifting dynamics within Europe and the strategic implications for key players.

The Ukraine War has forced Germany to reassess its foreign policy priorities. Initially seeking to distance itself from American influence, Germany realized its dependence on the United States for security and economic interests, particularly in the face of Russian aggression. The election of Donald Trump further highlighted Germany’s reliance on the United States, prompting internal discussions on pursuing a more independent foreign and security policy. The conflict in Ukraine has underscored the importance of Germany’s role within NATO and the need for increased defense spending to address regional security concerns.

The war in Ukraine has accelerated the shift of power within Europe to the East. Central and Eastern European countries, such as Poland and the Baltic states, have played a crucial role in supporting Ukraine and advocating for EU enlargement to the Western Balkans. These countries view themselves as defenders of freedom within the European Union and have long warned about Russia’s neo-imperialism. As a result, they have gained more influence and are being taken more seriously in European affairs, while France and Germany find themselves on the back foot.

The power dynamics within the EU are evolving, with the center of gravity moving toward the Eastern countries.

The Ukraine War has had implications for Russia’s strategic position and its relations with the West. Russian President Vladimir Putin’s pursuit of a strategic partnership with China has provided Russia with confidence in confronting the West. However, Russia’s long-term prospects face challenges due to Europe’s accelerating energy transition, which threatens Russia’s income from oil and gas exports. Additionally, the conventional military balance in Europe is shifting in NATO’s favor, with the potential for a new arms race and increased NATO presence in the region. Finland and Sweden are also showing growing interest in NATO membership, further complicating Russia’s threat environment.

The war in Ukraine has shifted Europe’s balance of power from west to east, with Kyiv emerging as a spiritual capital of European ideals. EU leaders have granted Ukraine formal accession candidate status, increasing its leverage and influence. Central and eastern European countries, particularly Poland, have become at the forefront of major crises and advocate for bolder measures in European defense and energy security. Poland’s increasing resources and economic convergence with older EU member states position it as a bulwark on Europe’s eastern flank. However, political tensions with Brussels limit Poland’s influence, making the outcome of its upcoming parliamentary election crucial for the future of Europe.

The crisis in Ukraine has compelled NATO to prioritize deterrence in Europe’s eastern flank. The alliance recognizes the strategic implications of both Russia’s actions and China’s rise. The war in Ukraine has raised questions about NATO’s priorities, including the importance of China-related considerations and the potential impact on its reputation and credibility.

Ukraine’s independence plays a significant role in NATO’s defense perimeter in Europe, preventing Russia from exerting greater pressure and complicating deterrence efforts. An independent Ukraine serves the collective geopolitical interests of the West in maintaining stability and security.

The Ukraine War has had far-reaching effects on the European balance of power. Germany’s foreign policy has undergone significant shifts, highlighting its reliance on the United States and the need for increased defense spending. The conflict has accelerated the eastward shift of power within Europe, with Central and Eastern European countries gaining more influence. Russia’s strategic position faces challenges, and its relationship with the West is strained. The war has also elevated Ukraine’s role in shaping European affairs and solidifying its position as a European ideal. NATO’s priorities have been realigned, emphasizing the importance of Ukraine’s independence for regional stability. As the conflict continues to unfold, its impact on the European balance of power will continue to shape the geopolitical landscape.

NATO’s Influence in the Asia-Pacific Region: Insights from Tokyo

By
Dr. Usman
-
6
FILE PHOTO: Banners displaying the NATO logo are placed at the entrance of new NATO headquarters during the move to the new building, in Brussels, Belgium April 19, 2018. REUTERS/Yves Herman/File Photo

NATO’s decision to establish a liaison office in Tokyo marks a significant development in the alliance’s engagement with the Asia-Pacific region. As geopolitical dynamics shift and security challenges become increasingly complex, NATO recognizes the importance of strengthening ties with key partners in the Indo-Pacific.

The establishment of NATO’s office in Tokyo reflects the alliance’s efforts to deepen coordination and collaboration with its Pacific partners, including Australia, Japan, New Zealand, and South Korea. By establishing a physical presence in the region, NATO aims to enhance practical cooperation and address shared security concerns.

The liaison office will serve as a platform for regular consultations and discussions, focusing on areas such as cybersecurity, space, and emerging technologies.

NATO’s decision to bolster ties with its Pacific partners comes in response to the evolving security challenges in the Asia-Pacific region. The invasion of Ukraine by Russia and China’s increasing military power have raised concerns among NATO members and its partners. China’s grand strategy aims to establish a China-centric Asia and a China-dominated international order, challenging the existing balance of power. With Russia’s assistance, China is rapidly advancing its nuclear capabilities and expanding, modernizing, and diversifying its nuclear forces.

China’s nuclear strategy, characterized by its focus on modernizing strategic rocket forces and expanding missile silo fields, poses challenges to global disarmament efforts. Despite claiming a peaceful nuclear doctrine, China’s nuclear ambitions and expansion plans contradict its advocacy for nuclear disarmament by the United States and Russia. These developments raise concerns among NATO members and its partners, highlighting the need for enhanced cooperation and coordination to address shared security interests.

The establishment of NATO’s office in Tokyo is expected to have several significant impacts on the Asia-Pacific region: The liaison office will serve as a means to bolster relations between Japan and NATO, as well as facilitate closer collaboration with other key partners in the region, such as South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand. Regular consultations and discussions will contribute to deeper partnerships, fostering mutual understanding and shared approaches to address regional security concerns.

NATO’s presence in Tokyo will enable practical cooperation in various areas, including cybersecurity, maritime security, and disaster relief. By leveraging its expertise and experience, NATO can support its Pacific partners in building resilience against evolving security threats and promote stability in the region.

The liaison office will provide a platform for NATO, Japan, and its Pacific partners to collaborate on emerging challenges, such as cyber threats, disinformation, and disruptive technologies. By pooling resources, sharing best practices, and coordinating efforts, NATO and its partners can develop effective strategies to counter these threats.

China’s rising military power and its assertive behavior in the region have prompted concerns among NATO members and its partners. The establishment of NATO’s office in Tokyo sends a signal that the alliance is committed to maintaining a rules-based international order and countering challenges to regional stability. It provides an avenue for NATO and its partners to collectively address China’s growing influence and assertiveness, ensuring a balanced and stable Asia-Pacific region.

The presence of NATO’s office in Tokyo can potentially foster economic cooperation between NATO member countries and Japan. By facilitating regular consultations and dialogues, the liaison office can serve as a platform to explore opportunities for trade, investment, and technology transfer, benefiting both NATO members and Japanese businesses. NATO member countries have advanced defense technologies and expertise, which could be shared with Japanese defense companies, promoting technological advancements and economic growth in the defense sector. It can potentially lead to improved market access for both NATO member countries and Japanese businesses. This can be achieved through the negotiation of trade agreements, removal of trade barriers, and the promotion of fair and open trade practices.

NATO’s decision to establish a liaison office in Tokyo signifies the alliance’s recognition of the evolving security dynamics in the Asia-Pacific region. By deepening partnerships, enhancing security cooperation, and addressing emerging challenges, NATO aims to contribute to regional stability and counter the security challenges posed by China’s rising military power. The significance of NATO’s office in Tokyo lies in its potential to foster closer ties between NATO and its Pacific partners, enabling collective efforts to address shared security interests and maintain a rules-based international order in the Asia-Pacific region.

 

The Clash of Civilizations: Debating the Dynamics of Cultural Fault Lines in a Post-Cold War Era

By
Tayyaba Khurshid
-
0

The Clash of Civilizations was written by Samuell Huntington in 1993 and is one of the most famous articles that instigated a debate in International Relations at the beginning of the post-cold War era. With the end of the cold war, scholars around the world were trying to make sense of the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the triumph of liberal order led by the US. While Francis Fukuyama was overjoyed with the triumph of the liberal International system and pointed out the cold war as the end of history as no other order can challenge the liberal norms of democracy and free trade΄ Sameul Hungtinton presented a different thesis and predicted that the new world order will be dominated by the clash of civilization where the main source of conflict will be along cultural lines and in future, countries will be grouped along civilizational lines as the civilizational identities will be extremely important.

The major 8 civilizations i.e. Western, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu, Slavic Orthodox, Latin America, and African Civilization will largely shape the world. The post-cold War states will not fight on the basis of ideologies or economics but on the growing difference in their culture and civilization.

As the desires of states to expand economies and gain territories have been met due to economic globalization, a free market economy, and fixed territorial boundaries recognized by other states. The future conflicts will be fought on new sources of civilizational fault lines i.e. culture and religion. Each Civilization will have a core state often possessing nuclear power and there will be conflict between and among these civilizations. The conflicts of the future will be fought o cultural fault lines because history is evident that basic differences have generated the most violent conflict. The globalization process has shrunk the world, and increased interaction between different cultures is increasing the consciousness of states resulting in awareness of differences. The long-standing local identities of people are vanishing due to modernization and religion is filling the gap as evident through the rise of fundamentalist movements. He also argues that the civilizational consciousness has increased due to the dual role of the West and there is an evident confrontation between the West and the non-west.  Along with that, the states don’t compromise on their cultural differences rather than political and economic ones. And another important reason is the increase in economic regionalism that is resulting in civilizational consciousness and states are naturally inclined towards states that share common culture and civilization.

He foresaw a civilizational clash between the West and the Rest where the non-western states will challenge the global economic and military power of the West and its ideas of liberal democracy that it spread in the non-western world through international institutions that it has created. He describes the potential of conflict along civilizational identities and highlights short and long-term implications for the West. He suggested that the West should align closely with states that share a common culture and limit the expansion and strength and exploit differences between Islamic and Confucian civilization, and strengthen the institutions that promote Western ideals and advocate the membership of non-Western states in the short term. In the long term, the West should identify the civilizational commonalities of non-western states and try to co-exist with those non-western states.

The thesis of Samuel Huntington was a unique thesis to predict the future cold war era.

The possibility of conflict between various states that will align on civilizational identities was highlighted and this instigated a debate where some scholars approved his hypothesis and others rejected it.

He also assumes the unchanging character of duality between West and Non-West, US and them. His rhetoric of clash of civilizations is more of a polemicist and perpetuates a war of all against all. He defines Islamic civilization reductively where they are just focusing on fault lines and challenging modern Western civilization. The 2001 attack on symbols of Western liberal democracy (World Trade Center and Pentagon) by non-western Islamic elements (Al-Qaeda) have been observed through the lens of a clash of civilization between the West and Islam.

The rise in Global Terrorism and the emergence of new groups like Al-Shadaab, Boko Haram, and Islamic State challenge the Western values of liberalism and modernism.

The literal translation of Boko Haram “Western Education is forbidden” shows that future conflicts will revolve around these lines. China has risen as one of the largest economies and its continuous advancement in military technology represents a stunning increase in the power of the Sinic Civilization that may shift its policy of peaceful rise and challenge Western hegemony in the future. However, the thesis cannot be generalized as there is a large Muslim population living in non-western states peacefully and respecting the values and culture of their host. Although, there are some shreds of evidence of a clash between Islam and the West but generalizing it as Islam in conflict with Western values will be non-pragmatic. Moreover, he assumes that in the 21st century, states are satisfied with their fixed borders and economic emancipation and tilt towards the states with common civilizational lines, yet it is evident that states today are acting more with respect to their national interest and the whole world is shifting from geo-politics to geo-economics. The Arab states have sidelined their cultural sympathies with Palestine and pursued their economic goals and interests with Israel through Abraham Accord. Moreover, China’s growth in these 40 years is more through economic emancipation towards different regions of the world than sticking just to states with a common culture. The Russian and Western leaders are confronting more for their sphere of influence than for their cultural preservation.

In short, Huntington’s Clash of Civilizations prediction is more relevant when the interaction of non-state actors with states is observed particularly the behavior of terrorist groups towards the Western world. But when we analyze the state-to-state relation it is still dominated by competition and cooperation in economic and political terms. And cultural differences and commonalities are sidelined when it comes to national interest and survival as seen by the tilt of Arab states towards Israel, and China’s growing investment in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia under the flagship project of BRI.

A possible likely clash was there in the past and is present even today between Hindus and Muslims in South Asia and the rise of Islam-o-phobia in the West is also a manifestation of growing differences between various civilizations on cultural and religious terms.

The future will unfold how these differences are highlighted to the extent that they turn into a violent conflict or clash of civilizations.

Kashmir Issue and Right to Self-Determination: An International Law Perspective

By
Danish Raja
-
0

The security of an individual is an indication of the security of the entire society or community. International law provides every individual the fundamental rights to live, cherish and prosper in life. These rights are available to every individual across the globe irrespective of his cast, color, creed, religion, and geography. The provisions of International law and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), unambiguously furnish fundamental human rights to the people.

It is an inherent fundamental right of human beings to decide about their future by their own will as per provisions of international law and the UN Charter.

The right to self-determination under international norms and principles is purely vested with people. Kashmir is considered to have almost entire prerequisites necessary for the state to be recognized as a state in the international arena. It possesses a well-defined territory, a population of more than 13 million which is quite greater than the population of many African and European states, and has been exercising a self-governance system throughout history. Besides this, it is a state with multiple resources and also possesses a peculiar language, culture, and history. After the partition of the Sub-continent, India illegally occupied the State of Kashmir and denied them the right to self-determination given by the United Nations under international law. It has deployed massive troops and is on the way to bring demographic changes in the State. In the past thirty years, almost 100,000 Kashmiris have died in their fight against Indian brutalities. India has tried to undermine the freedom struggle of the Kashmiri people by deploying 900,000 troops in the valley and has imprisoned the people in an open jail.

Kashmir: an Integral Part of India?

India has consistently been denying the Kashmiris their right of self-determination declaring Kashmir as an integral and inseparable part of India. Keeping this notion of an integral part in mind it denied conducting an impartial plebiscite in Kashmir and thus stepped back from United Nations resolutions on the Kashmir issue. After the rise of tensions between the Indian government and Sheikh Abdullah on the resolution mechanism of the Kashmir issue, India incarcerated Sheikh Abdullah and spuriously promulgated a legislative resolution that acceded Kashmir to India in 1952. This fraudulent act was considered to be an unambiguous violation of directions under the UN resolution of March 1951. Another resolution was passed by United Nations on January 20, 1957, and reinvigorated the principles encompassed in its previous resolutions that affirm that any future disposition of Kashmir will only be determined by the will of its people.

Right of Self-Determination: A Comparative Analysis

The concept of self-determination is as old as the Greek city-state (s) and remained significant during the French and American revolutions, refined by Woodrow Wilson in his fourteen points, thus incorporated into the League of Nations and got centrality in the Charter of United Nations9. After the termination of World War II, numerous Asian and African states got independence from European Colonialism under the slogan of the right to self-determination. East Timor is considered to be a state that was not autonomous in the past, as it acceded to Indonesia by the will of its people after its break up from Portugal in the 1970s. Nevertheless, persistent allegations have been raised against the Indonesian government for forcefully annexing East Timor without popular support. However, people decided to dispatch from Indonesia, and East Timor got seceded from Indonesia under the umbrella of the right to self-determination. Similarly, in February 2008, Kosovo got independence from Serbia by exercising its right of self-determination. Kashmiri people have persistently been pursuing their freedom struggle for the last seven decades and thousands of people have lost their lives but they are still devoid of their right to self-determination. India has denied them the right given by United Nations resolutions and has perpetually been violating international law.

There are almost two dozen UN resolutions that perpetuate the license of self-determination to Kashmiris. India has chipped these resolutions away on the ground and rebuffed the due right of the people of Kashmir.

Abrogation of Article 370: an International law perspective

After the partition of the Sub-Continent, erstwhile princely states were directed to accede to either India or Pakistan by geographical congruity and people’s desires. The state of Kashmir was among one of these princely states and was a Muslim-majority state. After its conditional accession to India, the Indian legislature inculcated Article 370 in its constitution in 1949 which exempts the Kashmir from Indian Constitution. It provided Kashmir with a special status and allows it to promulgate its laws except in defense, foreign affairs, finance, and communications. This article furnished Kashmir its flag and exclusive property rights and debars any outsider from buying property in the region. This article extends the jurisdiction of the Indian constitution to finance, communications, defense, and foreign affairs and explicitly articulates that any legislation outside the established scope will have to take prior approval from the state government. Besides Article 370, article 35A was introduced in 1954 in Indian Constitution to reinforce the past provisions regarding the status of Kashmir and also define the permanent residents of the state. It also debars outsiders from buying land or properties, permanently settling, securing education scholarships and governmental jobs, etc. Both these articles excluded Kashmir from the Indian dominion. However, Narendra Modi-led BJP regime abrogated Article 370 on the 5th of August 2019 and thus devoid Kashmir of special status once granted under its own Indian Constitution.

Since the 5th of August 2019, it enforced a curfew in the region with a communications blackout and has taken over young boys as well as the political leadership of Kashmir. It has deployed more than 900,000 troops there and made Kashmir a ‘living hell’ by carrying out massive human rights violations with impunity.

Several international law experts have expressed their views straight from the shoulder and berated the Indian unilateral attempt and delineated it as an unequivocal violation of UNSC resolutions. Constitutional law expert, Faizan Akhtar emanated out that this Indian move has restored Kashmir to its original status before the Instrument of Accession. According to him, IOA has the character of an international treaty that was primarily signed between two sovereign states. Henceforth, India’s abrogation of Article 370 is null and void under international law and even under its constitution.

International Law Perspective and Right of Self Determination

Kashmir issue directly comes under the shelter of International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law which proscribe the despotic denial of life under any state of affairs. According to Article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), states are prohibited to take away the right to life from people even during a state of emergency. Its Articles 4 and 7, explicitly ban torture, even in times of national emergency or when the security of the state is threatened. India has placed more than 0.9 million troops in IHK with a ratio of 1:8 (1 personnel over 8 people) that are carrying out deliberate atrocities over the public and thus are violating norms of IHRL and IHL, being a subscriber to both laws. Without the reinforcement of laws, the world would be like a jungle where the principle of ‘Might is Right’ prevails. It is thus quite necessary to look Kashmir issue under the tight scrutiny of international law.

In IOK, Indian forces are blatantly violating the norms of International Humanitarian Law, and rapes, hostages and innocent killings have reached to historically an unprecedented level.

These unsanctioned actions of India are unambiguously violating the standards and norms elaborated under IHL. Besides IHL and IHRL provisions regarding the right to self-determination, there are two more International Declarations that sanction the Kashmiris an inherent right to self-determination. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and International Covenant on Political and Economic Rights under their Common Article 1 mention that, “All people have the rights of self-determination, by virtue of that right they freely determine their political states and freely determine their economic, social and cultural development”.

In sum, it is high time that the world community must take steps necessary to resolve the Kashmir dispute, and the only viable solution in hands is by extending them their right to self-determination by organizing an impartial plebiscite under the supervision of the United Nations.

The Impact of Hindutva Ideology on Religious Minorities in India

By
Shabbir Ahmed
-
0

Hindutva, a nationalist philosophy with Hindu roots, has grown in popularity, posing difficulties for religious minorities, notably Indian Muslims, Christians, and Sikhs. India has always taken pride in being a secular country that values equality and religious freedom. However, these principles have been increasingly diminished by Hindutva’s growing power. Religious minorities have been marginalized by the promotion of majoritarian politics, efforts to define national identity exclusively in terms of Hinduism, and the growing predominance of Hindu symbols and practices in public settings.

The effect of Hindutva ideology on India’s religious minorities has been the subject of worrisome studies and warnings in recent years. In a study titled “The Nazification of India,” a human rights group ‘Justice For All’ with roots in Chicago compared Hindutva to the persecution strategies used by Nazis and fascists in Europe.

The research draws parallels between the historical processes that led to the Holocaust and the threats posed by the Hindutva ideology and its treatment of the Muslim minority in India. It focuses on how the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the mother organization of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), is pushing India towards a majoritarian state where minorities, notably the country’s more than 200 million Muslims, face an imminent threat of genocide. The report’s accompanying briefing went into further detail on the connection between the gas chambers, prejudice towards Jews, boycotts of them, and the current plight of minorities in India. Additionally, it emphasized how well-liked Hitler was becoming throughout the nation. The study highlights the deterioration of democratic principles in India by referencing the decline in ratings by groups like Freedom House and the Democracy Index of the Economist Intelligence Unit. Additionally, it draws attention to the worsening level of press freedom in India, as reported by Reporters Without Borders.

The study urges world leaders to denounce the human rights abuses taking place in the nation and put pressure on the Indian government to preserve its secular constitution as the situation in India reaches levels that are reminiscent of genocide. The urgency with which the international community must deal with the issues that Hindutva raises is further highlighted by these most recent findings. Foreign leaders must condemn India’s erosion of religious freedom and its persecution of minorities with vigor. By raising awareness, exerting diplomatic pressure, and advocating for human rights, the international community may support the defense of the rights and dignity of every Indian citizen, regardless of their affiliation with a particular religion.

Victimized by the Hindutva ideology, Indian Muslims have come under fire. An atmosphere of dread and insecurity has been produced by rising mob violence, hate speech, and discrimination toward Muslims. Muslims have been disproportionately impacted by the divisive Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) and the National Register of Citizens (NRC), leaving them open to exclusion and statelessness.

Hindutva’s effects have also been seen by the Sikh community. When the RSS first began attempting to create a “Hindu Rashtra” (Hindu country), the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) denounced it for stifling the rights of minorities and other religions. With the backing of the SGPC president and Akal Takht Jathedar (head of Sikhs at one of five Takhts of Sikhism), the SGPC issued a resolution condemning the RSS for the first time, in 2021. The resolution emphasizes the historical sacrifices made by many religions, including Sikhs, for the nation’s freedom and emphasizes how Sikh gurus rejected similar attempts by the Mughals in the 17th century. The resolution further mentions that 80 percent of Sikhs who gave their lives in service to the country were Sikhs.

Whilst Sikhs have historically made significant contributions to India’s social fabric, the emergence of Hindutva has intensified pressure on them to maintain their unique identity. The assimilation of Sikh practices and symbols shows a lack of reverence for their distinctive religious beliefs and cultural heritage. The Sikh community has always struggled with racism and prejudice in addition to religious discrimination and unfair treatment. Anti-Sikh riots broke out in 1984 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was killed. These incidents illustrate a tragic moment in Indian history and serve as a warning about the potential consequences of unchecked religious animosity.

Adopting inclusive policies that defend the rights and dignity of all individuals, regardless of their religious affiliations, is essential to maintaining India’s diverse character. The Indian government must guarantee the impartial application of the law and pursue those responsible for hate crimes and mob violence in court. In addition, educational changes that place a focus on religious peace and tolerance can help counteract the divisive language espoused by Hindutva. Affirmative action programs should be adopted to improve the socioeconomic position of Indian Muslims and other religious minorities to develop a sense of belonging among marginalized populations.

Lessening the disparities brought up by years of marginalization would need to ensure equitable chances in education, work, and political representation. Hindutva’s effects on India’s religious minorities demand the attention and support of the international world. The international community may play a critical role in defending religious freedom and advancing inclusive communities by increasing awareness, applying diplomatic pressure, and assisting civil society organizations. International organizations should reasonably speak with the Indian government and urge them to respect the values of religious freedom and safeguard the rights of all citizens. Forums on a bilateral or multilateral basis offer chances for substantive talks, diplomatic pressure, and accountability.

It is vital to aid civil society groups and human rights advocates in India. They may be given the tools they need to promote inclusion and defend the rights of religious minorities through financial support, capacity-building initiatives, and partnerships with regional NGOs. Finally, fostering interfaith communication and religious tolerance needs to be a top focus. The international community may help by funding efforts that encourage communication, advance inclusive education, and encourage exchange programs between cultures. The international community can create a world where diversity is celebrated and every person can live with dignity and freedom by addressing the challenges posed by Hindutva and reaffirming its commitment to the core values of religious freedom, human rights, and inclusive societies.

Pakistan’s Perilous Encounter with Climate Change

By
Nadir Ali
-
6

Recent devastating floods in Pakistan are a sobering example of the pernicious impact of human-caused climate change. The ominous trajectory starts with high temperatures that cover the area in a scorching haze. Deathly heat waves continue to sweep relentlessly across the affected area, worsening an already dire situation, which causes the disease to worsen. Unusually, a larger-than-normal amount of water vaporizes from the vast Indian Ocean, eagerly welcomed by a warmer atmosphere.

When the seasonal monsoon finally does arrive, it does so with unrelenting fury, dumping a staggering three times more rain on the country than the national average for the previous three decades.

Tragically, the dried-out soil, which had been hardened by the previous drought, acts like uncrackable concrete and callously repels the torrential downpours.

The desolate melt waters that cascade from the melting Himalayan glaciers fall on the South Asian expanse, adding to the unmitigated catastrophe and instilling a sense of dread and apprehension. This worrying story is made even more concerning by careless development planning, which recklessly approved agricultural and residential settlements in places that are constantly at risk of flooding and dangerously close to river shores. The increase in silt levels, along with the reduced capacity of dams along the largest river in the country, further increases the region’s susceptibility of the region to such climate assaults.

This confluence of risky variables is what has essentially created the recipe for what could end up being Pakistan’s most catastrophic climate disaster to date.

Now, a tropical cyclone by the name of Biparjoy, located in the Arabian Sea, is ominously traveling in a northerly direction. The Kutch district in the Indian state of Gujarat is expected to be the target of this ferocious natural force as it makes a dangerous right turn towards the Pakistan-India border in the coming days. The winds on Tuesday afternoon at the hurricane’s epicenter, which were greater than 100 mph, confirmed its classification as a Category 2 hurricane, as well as its counterparts in the Atlantic Ocean.

Biparjoy is expected to make landfall on Thursday afternoon, causing havoc as it crosses the border between Karachi, Pakistan, and Mandvi, Gujarat, according to officials in both Pakistan and India. Winds that can gust as high as 150 km/h (93 mph), with a maximum sustained speed of 125 to 135 km/h (78 to 84 mph), are expected to cause untold destruction. It is extremely worrying that the Thatta district in Sindh, which was tragically destroyed by the Keti Bandar cyclone in 1999 and tragically lost 6,200 lives, is once again on the path of a disaster. Unfortunately, history records a similar tale of misery from Gujarat, India. At least 4,000 lives were lost, and hundreds of millions of dollars in damage were inflicted by a malevolent cyclone in 1998, which also took a devastating toll. Biparjoy’s wrath, which will likely bring back painful memories, will probably make the suffering of those affected worse.

Unfortunately, the once powerful cyclone has been diminished and is now a weak but still powerful and very severe cyclonic storm. The cyclone is currently lingering 380 kilometers south of the city of Karachi as it travels in a northwesterly direction, casting a foreboding shadow over the area. The authorities have determined that it is imperative to halt all fishing operations in order to combat this immediate threat, mobilize diligent rescue personnel, and implement thorough evacuation plans in order to protect the lives of those who are most vulnerable.

Unlike a fearsome sea breeze, the South Asian monsoon gracefully rises from the depths of the Indian Ocean, carrying the gift of moisture as it sweeps north, enveloping Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh in its seasonal embrace. But the complexities of a changing climate are deeply ingrained in the fabric of this monsoon phenomenon. The atmosphere, like a voracious sponge, imbues itself with an ever-increasing capacity to accommodate moisture with each small increase in temperature.

These climatic extremes, which are by nature erratic, can appear at any time and choose to strike the area all at once or repeatedly, wreaking havoc on unfortunate locals.

An amalgam of common ingredients, symbolic of an unforgiving warming world, works maliciously to ruin Pakistan’s already vulnerable lands. Extreme weather events with unbridled ferocity, birthing air that is heavily laden with moisture, glaciers that are succumbing to a relentless thaw, communities that are perilously perched on the edge of danger, and the unstoppable specter of poverty hanging over everything. Such is the mixture that spins the thread of fate, bestowing upon Pakistan the ruthless deluge of unrelenting rain and catastrophic floods.

India’s Naval Posturing in the Indian Ocean: Strategic Signaling to China

By
Ahmad Ali
-
1

India’s recent demonstration of its maritime prowess by conducting a Carrier Battle Group (CBG) operation serves as a significant display of its evolving naval posturing in the Indian Ocean.

This exercise in the Arabian Sea is the first of its kind where major assets of the Indian Navy were utilized in a coordinated manner. Keeping in view China’s growing presence in the Indian Ocean, this twin Carrier Battle Group (CBG) operation in the Arabian Sea can be interpreted as strategic signaling to China.

Indian Naval spokesperson in his statement stated that this exercise provides Indian friends with an assurance that the Indian Navy is capable and ready to support collective security needs in the region. Additionally, this exercise has been conducted ahead of the Prime Minister of India’s visit to the United States which suggests that this CBG operation is a display of India’s willingness to engage China within the Indian Ocean.

It was reported on June 10 that India carried out first of its kind naval exercise that involved the operational integration of two aircraft carriers INS Vikramaditya and INS Vikrant. This was a twin CBG operation that involved two aircraft carriers along with a diverse fleet of ships, submarines, and over thirty-five aircraft. These aircraft included MiG-29K and choppers such as MH-60 Romeo, Kamov, and Advanced Light helicopters. It is pertinent to note that this exercise utilized an extensive array of air resources within the Navy that were effectively operated from the dual aircraft carriers functioning as mobile bases.

Similarly, on June 9, Indian Air Force (IAF) carried out an exercise by deploying Su-30MKI aircraft to execute a tactical maneuver spanning eight hours across the Indian Ocean. The eight hours flight of Su-30MKI aircraft was sustained by air-to-air refueling, which ensured their successful flight over the Indian Ocean’s southwestern sector. Prior to this, the Indian military conducted a six-hour mission by employing four Rafale jets to cover the eastern region of the Indian Ocean. In addition to this, India is planning to procure a naval variant of Rafael i.e., Rafael-M which can operate from the flight deck of the aircraft carrier. This deal is likely to be finalized during the Indian Prime Minister’s visit to France in July this year.

It is worth noting that China’s eighty percent of oil passes through the Malacca Strait and such massive trade volume has compelled Beijing to secure a strategic position in the Indian Ocean to protect its interests. This is why China has been actively securing a strategic position in the Indian Ocean Region. In this context, the conduct of dual aircraft carrier operations by India, ahead of the Indian Prime Minister’s visit to the US, seems to be a calculated move reflecting strategic signaling towards China. India’s twin CBG operation in the Indian Ocean, as mentioned in the Indian Naval spokesperson’s statement, signifies that it is ready to assume a greater role in the region. This not only serves as a reassurance to the US but also as a display of power, projecting its ability to control the strategic seascape and counter any adversarial advances.

India is an important country for the US to counter China. However, on one hand, India is cautious to officially declare an alliance with the US against China, and on the other hand, in practice, the actions of New Delhi signal that it is acting as a counterweight to China.

In particular, the CBG operation and the statement of the Indian naval spokesperson highlight that India is willing to become part of the US strategy to counter China. The US is willing to deepen its defense ties and expand New Delhi’s access to cutting-edge technologies. However, many believe that India might be a bad bet for the US vis-à-vis China.

It is pertinent to highlight that the US and China competition and India being the counterweight to China will have adverse effects on South Asia. As India strengthens its military capabilities, particularly naval capabilities, scholars in Pakistan believe that New Delhi will become more aggressive in its dealings with Pakistan. India is likely to acquire more and more sophisticated technology and in doing so, will disturb the strategic stability of South Asia. Apart from disturbing the stability, India’s ambitions to close the technological gap with China are likely to initiate an arms race in this region. Keeping this in view, it is important for Pakistan to enhance the operational capabilities of its navy in order to secure its sea lines of communication and counter any aggressive moves made by India.

The Impact of TTP’s Activities on Pakistan’s National Security

By
Saqib Mahsood
-
3

The Ideology of TTP is based on their belief that Sharia law should be implemented in Pakistan, and their goal is to establish an Islamic Emirate in the country. They view the Pakistani government as corrupt and unjust and seek to overthrow it through violent means.

TTP has targeted both government officials and civilians in their attacks and has been responsible for numerous casualties and human rights abuses.

In light of recent events, it is clear that the fall of Kabul was a significant moment for the Taliban and their allies. Their ultimate goal is to establish a base where they can freely expedite their extremist ideology and expand their influence to other borders. The situation is becoming increasingly challenging for Pakistan, which already faces inflation and political instability. The rise of extremist groups like Tahreek E Taliban Pakistan (TTP) is further complicating the political landscape and posing grave concerns for the Pakistani state.

TTP has increased its activities in different areas of Pakistan, especially in the ex-FATA, which is now part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The TTP is organizing under the leadership of its commander, Mufti Noor Wali Mahsood, and spreading its ideology to other areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. This is distressing for security forces and the common people, who are being influenced by their messages.

Moreover, the Taliban closely monitoring the political situation in the country. They seem to be infiltrating Pakistan’s politics and regularly issue statements on unpleasant incidents. Mufti Noor Wali Mahsood is not only a good fighter but also a smart and knowledgeable politician who learned from previous TTP leaders.

“Inqilab E Mahsood” highlights the foundation of TTP and admits past mistakes made by the group. All of this makes it clear that the Pakistani state might face significant challenges in the future.

However, The State of Pakistan has attempted to negotiate with TTP through different channels but has not yet been successful. The Ulema delegation, led by Mufti Taqi Usmani, has held meetings with TTP representatives and the Afghan Taliban government officials. Efforts to strike a peace deal with the TTP began last year, but the process was unsuccessful, and the TTP resumed terrorist attacks.

The key demands put forward by the TTP include reversing the FATA merger, allowing them to keep their arms, and granting amnesty to their members. While Pakistan has released some TTP prisoners and pardoned a couple of their senior commanders, it has not accepted the demand to reverse the FATA merger. This has led to significant resentment among the tribes towards the state of Pakistan, which the Taliban could exploit to their advantage.

Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) in a statement has claimed that another group of militants from North Waziristan tribal district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has joined the TTP. “The group led by Mukhlas Dawar from Khadi, North Waziristan has pledged allegiance to the TTP chief. Three policemen who were escorting a polio team in Tirah Mir Dara, Khyber tribal district, have been injured in an attack by unknown individuals who opened fire on the team. TTP has claimed responsibility for the attack.

In addition, the continued presence and activities of TTP in tribal areas of Pakistan have had a significant impact on the country and its people. The frequent attacks on security forces, civilians, and aid workers have resulted in the loss of lives and created an environment of fear and insecurity in many parts of the region. The polio workers who were attacked in Khyber tribal district were trying to provide a valuable public health service, but their efforts were thwarted by the violence of the militants.

The increasing number of militants joining the TTP is also a cause for concern as it strengthens the capabilities of the group and allows it to carry out more attacks.

This further undermines efforts to maintain law and order in the tribal areas and poses a threat to national security. The impact on the tribes living in these areas is also significant as they are caught in the crossfire between the militants and the security forces. Many have been displaced from their homes and are living in camps or as refugees in other parts of the country. The violence and instability have disrupted their way of life and made it difficult for them to access basic services such as healthcare and education. The activities of TTP and other militant groups in tribal areas have hurt the country and its people, particularly those living in the affected regions. Efforts must be made to address the root causes of the conflict and find a sustainable solution that restores peace and stability in the area.

Furthermore, The return of the Taliban might pose a significant problem for political parties, especially those who supported the operations in the previous period. The people of Ex FATA, who were hoping for a center of peace, education, and tourism, may be disappointed. They may add fuel to a new war where the results might be very dangerous, and the entire country may be affected. This fire may not only burn the tribals but every citizen of the country and turn everything to ashes.

The development will be left with nothing but fear and uncertainty. All of this raises a question: what does the future hold for Pakistan?

The Pakistani State needs to adopt a more proactive approach to deal with this threat. While military operations may have some short-term benefits, it is crucial that the underlying issues are addressed. Poverty, lack of education, and political instability all contribute to the rise of extremist groups like the TTP. It is important that the State invests in these areas, and provides opportunities for those who are vulnerable to radicalization. Additionally, the State needs to engage in dialogue with the TTP and other extremist groups. Only through dialogue and negotiation can a lasting peace be achieved.

Moreover, there is a need to be a greater emphasis on human rights and democracy in the country. The TTP’s brutal tactics and disregard for human life are unacceptable, and the State needs to ensure that human rights are protected, regardless of the circumstances. Freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and women’s rights all need to be safeguarded. Democracy is also crucial. The State needs to ensure that elections are free and fair and that the will of the people is respected.

The fall of Kabul has emboldened the Taliban and their allies, including the TTP, to increase their activities in Pakistan and exert influence over the country’s politics. The TTP’s ideology and actions pose a serious threat to the stability and security of Pakistan, and their refusal to negotiate with the government has resulted in continued violence and unrest.

The situation in the Ex-FATA region is particularly volatile, and there is a risk that the tribals could be drawn into another conflict that will have catastrophic consequences for the whole country.

It is crucial for Pakistan to address the TTP’s grievances and concerns through meaningful dialogue and negotiation, in order to prevent further escalation of violence and to secure the safety and well-being of its citizens.

1...117118119...146Page 118 of 146

Stratheia aims to be a global pioneer in the field of strategic intelligence. Our independent team of researchers cover topics ranging from the latest geopolitical events, to public policy, cyber security, and intelligence analytics.

Share with Us

Opinions, Analysis, and Rebuttals.

Write for us
About Us
Writers Pool

© All Rights Reserved. Stratheia, 2024