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US-China Competition: Shifting Global Landscape

By
Zoin Hassan
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In the epoch of globalization, interdependency between states is at its crowning position. The rhetoric of the cold war is yet again being heard, but this time players are different. Now, the competition is between the United States and China. The term cold war was first used by Bernard Baruch and then by Walter Lippmann in his New York Herald Tribune column.

During the 1990s, there was a confrontation between the poles over differing ideologies, i.e. capitalism Vs communism. This resulted in the breakdown of the former USSR, shaping into a new world order led by the United States as a sole superpower. Proponents of hegemonic stability theory claim that unipolar world order is essential for maintaining peace. As, when a competitor arises, it tends to give a setback to the supremacy of existing power leading towards confrontation and the best example to quote here is the “Peloponnesian War” between Athens and Sparta.

In the 21st century, the rise of China especially in terms of the economy has resulted in a competition between the status quo-US and revisionist China.

As per the opinion of many analysts, though there is no confrontation between the two powers, it might be just a constructed idea linked with the conception of the “Thucydides trap”. On the contrary, indicators of the cold war like geo-economics, geo-strategic, and geopolitics portray another picture that both of the states are at daggers drawn. USA and China are economically, militarily, and diplomatically involved in different regions. The enmity between the two could lead to the creation of Blocism, i.e. USA capitalism Vs. China’s-socialism. Economic indicator-trade friction has already started between the USA and China when Chinese trade value goods were in surplus and the USA goods were in deficit.

Resultantly, protectionist policies-tariffs were levied on China in 2018 by 25 percent. Similarly, the USA banned certain Chinese products and likewise in retaliation, the Chinese banned the merchandise coming from the USA. Both had suspended the respective consulates operational inside their jurisdiction. A major apprehension, raised by the USA, was that Chinese mobile companies like Huawei 5G microphones were involved in stealing data from people’s phones and blamed China to be involved in intellectual property theft. As an outcome, the USA banned Huawei and China banned Apple products. Due to the imposition of tariffs among the states, a price hike was seen, which affected US consumers.

The IMF warned that the intensifying USA-China trade war will “jeopardize” global growth. Competition could also bring challenges to the economies of smaller states in the different regions, which are reliant upon them. Lately, there has been a surge in the geostrategic alliances, i.e. QUAD, AUKUS, COMCASA, LEMEOA, BECA, and B3W from the US side and BRI and CPEC from the Chinese side. Analysts believe that these projects are to stay and curtail each other’s influence physically through offshore balancing.

These conflicts can lead to political polarization in the states, which are under the influence of either the USA or China, and can obstruct the developmental projects in those states.

China claims that the USA is involved in doing different armed-equipped deals, like in AUKUS, in which the USA will provide nuclear-powered submarines to Australia and MQ-9B drones to India under QUAD to do surveillance against China, bringing repercussions for regional security and nuclear proliferation. The issue of the blame game is at its utmost position, when USA ex-President Trump called COVID-19 to be the Chinese virus, and in retaliation, China termed it to be an American military virus. Correspondingly, on global issues, both of the states differ in their opinion like in the case of Russia-Ukraine, China-Taiwan, and climate change.

The USA blames China to be an influencer in different regions by giving loans in case of BRI and terming these projects as a debt trap and currency manipulator. Differences of opinion and forming alliances with the opponents to counter each other could further mar an already fragile conflict resolution regime in the world. For example, the issues of Kashmir, Palestine, Afghanistan, the Middle East, and Central Asia require the support of both the USA and China to be resolved.

In Asia-Pacific, there are several territorial and maritime disputes among China, Japan, Vietnam, and the Philippines over the Senkaku, Parcel, Spartley, and Scarborough Islands. These Islands hold importance due to the presence of mineral resources in the sea bed. China’s conflict with Japan over Senkaku Island, upon which the USA and China, hold divergent positions. In Asia–Pacific, the USA is doing bilateral defense treaties over the disputed islands upon which China claims its sovereignty.

These actions could further accelerate the maritime disputes in the region, creating hindrances in the integration of the region with other great powers. Platforms of integration such as ASEAN and SCO have also become vulnerable as the USA is not a member of these organizations. So, there is a possibility that any decision taken independently without taking into consideration of the USA’s interests will result in negative consequences.

In an era of a liberal economy, this conflict could disturb the liberal world economic order by creating implications for regions and states. Conclusively, “Talk is cheap. Actions are what matter… I hope that both sides come to the table and action follows words.” – Todd Rokita, member of the United States House of Representatives.

From Code to Combat – Cyberspace in Modern Warfare

By
Wazir Zafar Hassan
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In today’s dynamic world, technology has permeated every aspect of our lives, and warfare is no exception. The conventional notion of battles fought solely on physical terrains has become outdated. The emergence of cyberspace has introduced a new paradigm to modern warfare, fundamentally altering the strategies, tactics, and capabilities of nations worldwide. This article delves into the intriguing and often underestimated relationship between code and combat, exploring the remarkable influence of cyberspace on modern warfare.

Gone are the days when tanks and fighter jets were the only implements of war. In the contemporary digital battlefield, lines of code have become the most potent weapons.

Nations have acknowledged the power of cyber armaments and invested significantly in their development. Cyber warfare employs computer systems and networks to disrupt, disable, or exploit the technological assets of adversaries. Cyber-attacks can disrupt critical infrastructure, cripple communication networks, and even manipulate financial systems. The capacity to execute these attacks covertly and with minimal physical presence makes cyber warfare appealing to numerous nations.

Traditional military operations often rely on large-scale deployments of troops and heavy machinery, which entail inherent risks and logistical challenges. In contrast, offensive cyber operations offer unprecedented stealth and precision. They have become an indispensable component of modern warfare. With the right expertise and tools, a small team of skilled cyber operatives can infiltrate enemy networks, gather intelligence, and launch devastating attacks without stepping on the physical battlefield. These operations encompass entering enemy networks for intelligence-gathering purposes and executing debilitating cyber-attacks that cripple infrastructure or compromise sensitive information. Consequently, military strategies have experienced a significant shift, with cybersecurity playing a vital role in offensive and defensive operations.

Cyberspace has revolutionized the intelligence and surveillance capabilities of modern militaries. Through sophisticated cyber techniques, intelligence agencies can infiltrate enemy networks, monitor communications, and gather invaluable information without direct physical engagement. This enables real-time situational awareness and facilitates more precise decision-making on the battlefield.

Cyber intelligence has become indispensable in comprehending an adversary’s capabilities, intentions, and vulnerabilities.

Given the interconnectivity of modern society, essential services like power grids, transportation systems, and financial networks are increasingly reliant on computer networks. Consequently, protecting critical infrastructure from cyber threats has become a paramount concern for nations worldwide. The potential consequences of a successful cyber-attack on critical infrastructure include widespread disruption, economic damage, and even loss of life. Military forces now collaborate closely with cybersecurity experts to safeguard vital systems from potential adversaries.

The advent of cyberspace has compelled militaries to adapt and transform their traditional warfare tactics. Battles are no longer confined to physical theaters of operation but have expanded into the digital realm. Hybrid warfare, a blend of conventional, unconventional, and cyber warfare, has emerged as a new strategy for nations to exploit vulnerabilities in their adversaries’ defenses. This strategy combines traditional military tactics with cyber operations, propaganda, and disinformation campaigns, culminating in a complex and multi-faceted battlefield.

Building cyber resilience has become imperative in an era where cyber-attacks can occur with unprecedented speed and stealth. Nations must invest in robust cyber defense capabilities to withstand and recover from potential attacks. This involves developing advanced technologies, training skilled cyber personnel, and fostering international cooperation to share best practices and respond collectively to cyber threats. Cyber resilience ensures that nations can maintain operational effectiveness and protect their interests in the face of evolving cyber threats.

The increasing importance of cyberspace in modern warfare raises critical ethical considerations and underscores the need for international norms and regulations.

As technology advances, questions surrounding the rules of engagement, civilian protection, and the distinction between military and non-military targets become more pressing. The international community is grappling with developing norms and frameworks to govern cyber warfare and ensure responsible conduct in this evolving domain.

The influence of cyber warfare extends beyond national borders. With the growing interconnectedness of nations, cyber-attacks can have far-reaching consequences, impacting not only military operations but also the economy, public infrastructure, and civilian populations. In response to this, the concept of cyber deterrence has gained prominence. Similar to how nuclear deterrence prevented large-scale conflicts during the Cold War, nations are now developing cyber capabilities to deter potential adversaries from launching devastating cyber-attacks.

Just as offense is a crucial aspect of modern warfare, defense is equally vital. Consequently, nations are making substantial investments in fortifying their cyber defenses to protect critical infrastructure and safeguard national interests. Cybersecurity professionals are at the forefront of this battle, developing robust defense mechanisms to detect, prevent, and mitigate cyber threats. Their expertise is instrumental in maintaining a country’s security and stability, from securing military command systems to safeguarding power grids.

Way Forward

Several key steps can be taken to fully harness cybersecurity’s potential in modern warfare. First and foremost, continuous research and development efforts are necessary to stay at the forefront of technological advancements. Governments and military organizations should invest in cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning to enhance cybersecurity capabilities.

Secondly, fostering international cooperation and collaboration is of paramount importance. Cyber threats transcend national boundaries, necessitating a collective effort to address them effectively. Establishing international norms, protocols, and frameworks for cyber warfare will help maintain stability and prevent escalations. In addition, regular joint cyber defense exercises and information-sharing platforms should be established to strengthen global cyber defense capabilities.

Furthermore, promoting cybersecurity education and training is essential. Encouraging the development of a skilled workforce equipped with the knowledge and expertise to address emerging threats will be instrumental in ensuring national security. Partnerships between academic institutions, government agencies, and the private sector can be crucial in nurturing the next generation of cyberwarriors.

Last but not least, fostering innovation and encouraging public-private partnerships can unlock new avenues for advancements in cyber defense technologies and strategies. Collaboration between governments, academia, and the private sector can facilitate the exchange of knowledge, resources, and expertise, ultimately leading to more robust and effective cyber defense measures.

In conclusion, the influence of cybersecurity on modern warfare must be considered. It has transformed how nations engage in military operations, offering new avenues for offensive capabilities and highlighting the need for robust defensive measures.

By embracing technological advancements, fostering international cooperation, and investing in cybersecurity education, we can navigate the complex landscape of modern warfare and safeguard our nations against the evolving cyber threats of the future.

As we look toward the future, it is evident that cyber warfare will continue to play a pivotal role in conflicts. Therefore, nations must prioritize investments in cybersecurity infrastructure, technologies, and skilled personnel to stay ahead of evolving threats. Collaboration and information sharing between countries are crucial for effectively combating global cyber threats.

Cultural Diplomacy is a Way of Public Diplomacy

By
Tayyaba Khurshid
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The Foreign policy of one state is greatly influenced by public opinion in the contemporary world and therefore states have focused more on public diplomacy where the narrative of people of other states is shaped by using soft power and people’s diplomacy. Soft power in diplomacy refers to the activities of one state to persuade, attract and influence the public of other states and hence it involves government-sponsored efforts to communicate with the foreign public and influence them to have a positive outlook of that state.

Cultural diplomacy is a way of public diplomacy that focuses more to introduce the culture and tradition of one state to other people but in public diplomacy, the intent of states is that their policies and actions must be comprehended by the public of other states in a way that those states want.

However, Public diplomacy can be defined as the process or series of processes through which governments seek to create a positive political and social environment among foreign publics. Cultural Diplomacy is to showcase the culture of one state through dramas, cultural exhibitions, and tourism and aims at fostering and reinforcing cooperation on cultural heritage and developing peaceful inter-community relations (Public Diplomacy in a Multipolar World). Hence, the relationship between public and cultural diplomacy is very straightforward as the latter is the type of public diplomacy. It is more of a long-term goal where states present their cultures to foreign audiences to win the heart and minds of people and these people in turn shape the policies of the state towards that country. It is more focused to promote friendly knowledge and understanding of peoples of one state and their way of life. It is very crucial in the 21st-century globalized world for states to be active in cultural diplomacy to be successful in this global world.

Cultural Relations Vs Cultural Diplomacy:

Cultural Relation has no agreed universal definition but it is agreed that it is engagement for mutual understanding, intercultural dialogue, and conversation for mutual benefit which is a two-way process whereas cultural diplomacy is a one-way process for instance showcasing one culture through concerts and exhibitions and educational programs. One good way to define cultural diplomacy is ‘the exchange of ideas, information, art and other aspects of culture among other states and their people to promote mutual understanding and trust’. The more the level of engagement between people through cultural activities related to a country, the more they become familiar with and understand that country, the more they trust it, and the more they want to go there for studies, for business, and hence better relations between states because when the people of two states have mutual understanding then policymakers have to be cautious in designing policies towards states. Cultural Relations hence are the natural and organic development of culture across borders without government participation and funding. And those relations become cultural diplomacy when government officials and formal diplomats shape and channel that natural and organic flow of cultures to advance national policies and interests. The importance of cultural relations is recognized at the supranational level too.

In 2016, EU Commission and its high representative issued a joint commission on the importance of intercultural relations seeking to define how the European Union would engage with other countries in the cultural domain. They identified three main areas for support.

  1. Cultural development that becomes the engine for economic and social development
  2. Intercultural dialogue to promote peaceful inter-community relations.
  3. Inter-heritage matters and their emphasis to promote and foster cooperation.

In cultural diplomacy, the art of a state is represented worldwide through exhibitions films, exchanges of actors, educational exchange programs, and various other ways. The aim of any sort of diplomacy whether public or cultural is to promote national interest and secure policy objectives abroad. The diplomatic process through which culture is promoted to other states has been institutionalized nowadays.

Traditionally governments promoted cultural and educational exchanges, although these exchanges lack political messages people encounter the culture, and the richness of any culture gives a positive outlook therefore states encourage such exchanges to promote cultural diplomacy. Through cultural exhibitions, people are also aware of another culture and this also promotes the image of that state to other public.

In contemporary times, the Internet has made it easier where all the world is connected via social media, every state has a widespread opportunity to spread their messages to any desired state.

Examples of States with Cultural diplomatic Practices:

In the UK, British Council operates as the International Organization for cultural relations established in 1934 as a reaction to the rise of Fascism and Nazism and increased disinformation in Europe. It spreads UK soft power around the world and works as a cultural relations organization. It is an independent organization from the government but gets funding from the government.

In America, culture was utilized as the best tool to attract public opinion about America and their culture has been presented through movies and series that have been followed at a large scale by world audience. The United States Information Agency was founded in 1953, with the intent to promote public diplomacy initiatives along with informational and cultural promotion. Later after 1990, the programs were relocated to State Department. The Agency not only provided Information abroad but also International broadcasting which led to increased awareness among the public about America and its liberal world order. The American ambassies also have their Facebook accounts and use other social media handles to give firsthand information to people. The US full bright scholarship and other programs like the International Visitors Leadership Program, and Community Engagement Program all are manifestations of cultural diplomacy with the manifestation of promotion of culture because intelligent students of other states are provided quality education and get a first-hand experience of American culture and return to their native states promoting American culture and way of life. They build the narrative of young people of other states through these cultural exchanges who are future leaders and who will in the future hold essential positions in statecraft.  A wide range of cultural diplomacy programs including exchanges, tours, and exhibitions are managed by The US State Department Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. This is overseen by the Secretary of the State, the White House, the Government Accountability Office, and the US Congress and hence it is more a developed political institution.

China has also been active to promote its positive image through the use of cultural diplomacy where Chinese culture is exhibited and Chinese products are present in every household. China is also working on educational programs where Pakistani Universities have China study centers and many Chinese scholarships are provided to Higher Education Commission students those who study in China have to learn the basic Chinese language and hence get to know Chinese culture. In China, Confucius Institute has been active to deal with cultural relations and play an active role to uplift its image abroad with Chinese Characteristics.

India has also been active to promote its policies abroad via the positive outlook of its culture through the television and film industry. Through the use of soft power, India has shaped the public opinion of local Afghanis which now are more tilted towards India than Pakistan.

Cultural diplomacy along with public diplomacy is an important tool of foreign policy and it can help states to develop their relations with other states easily via engaging initially with the public of that state.

Conclusion:

Cultural Diplomacy is the way of public diplomacy where more focus is to develop relations via the promotion of culture. As rightly stated by the Associate Director of USIA, ‘if we strive to be successful in our efforts to create understanding of our society and our policies, we must first understand the motive, culture, history and psychology of the people with whom we wish to communicate.’ The promotion of cultural diplomacy not only fosters political relations but also is beneficial for the economic development of the state. Multinational companies like KFC and Mcdonald’s can be understood as examples of how business can be promoted and the food culture is introduced to various regions of the world. Hence, Cultural diplomacy can be beneficial to improve cultural relations and improved relations between people of two states and lead to effective and friendly policies at the state level because in the prevailing democratic setup of states people’s voice has a major say in politics and foreign affairs and the availability of social media particularly Twitter, Facebook has given a direct say to people to speak of their opinion about domestic and foreign policy issues. The globalized world has led to the interaction of different cultures daily through various avenues and even in the past cultural relations have existed between states, but those relations have been converted into a long-term investment by a state in the face of cultural diplomacy. Some states like US and UK have special institutional arrangements while others are also using various avenues through education and promotion of tourism etc.

Enabling Environment for Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy in Pakistan

By
Dr. Rahat Iqbal
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Nuclear energy can play an influential role in combating Pakistan’s energy crisis. In this context, Pakistan has an enabling environment for nuclear energy production. Under the framework of basic guidelines of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Pakistan has established a complete institutional infrastructure for the successful implementation of its civilian nuclear program, including policy initiatives, institutional framework, operational, safety, and security mechanisms, decommissioning of nuclear power plants (NPPs), and waste management.

Pakistan possesses the technical expertise and a skilled workforce and closely coordinates with the IAEA, the World Association of Nuclear Operations (WANO), and the Candu Owners Group (CoG).

Over the years, Pakistan has established a comprehensive national nuclear operational, research, and regulatory authority dealing with nuclear energy production, nuclear safety, and radioactive material for related activities. With the support from China, Pakistan has successfully built six NPPs, that are safely and securely operated, a valuable addition in meeting the country’s energy demands through a safer and greener energy source. China’s National Nuclear Cooperation (CNNC), Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC),

Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA), National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA), National Transmission and Dispatch Company Limited (NTDC), and Central Power Purchasing Agency (CCPA) are responsible for these operations. The PAEC and PNRA are responsible for decommissioning NPPs and the safety and waste management of radioactive material.

To gain technical expertise, the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), a research and development wing of PAEC, since its commencement in 1966, has been working in various fields to utilize the full potential of nuclear energy for socio-economic benefits of the country, including health, agriculture, mineral, water, environment, and physical sciences. PINSTECH trains young professionals and engineers dealing with nuclear reactors, plants, and radioactive material. Similarly, National Center for Non-Destructive Testing (NCNDT) trains the concerned personnel in non-testing techniques, while Pakistan Welding Institute (PWI) aims to expertise the member graduates and professionals in welding techniques. Center of Nuclear Training (CHASCENT) is responsible for training the human resource of Chashma Nuclear Power Plants.

The Directorate of Human Resource Development (DHRD) at PAEC is responsible for inducting, retaining, and producing a skilled workforce. The workforce in nuclear-related activities hired are scholars and graduates from certain universities, including the Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS). It is collaborating partner of the IAEA in training graduates in advanced nuclear technologies and applications. Other institutions, including Karachi Institute of Power Engineering (KINOPE), offer a post-graduate degree program and a year training course in nuclear power plant technology to the graduates of engineering and sciences. It also provides a year of training to technicians and operational personnel to retain licenses.

The regulatory bodies have enhanced their service provisions for a robust operational and safety mechanism. In 2014, since the inauguration of the National Institute on Safety and Security (NISAS), PNRA has become one of the leading collaborating parties with the IAEA for education, training, and providing technical support on nuclear safety to the relevant stakeholders within Pakistan.

Pakistan Center for Excellence in Nuclear Security (PCENS) conducts training and drills to ensure all nuclear safety and security aspects. The IAEA has also praised and shown confidence in Pakistan’s nuclear program. So far, none of the incidents or accidents has been reported from Pakistan. Despite the economic problems, Pakistan has had a robust mechanism for the smooth operations of NPPs.

Since Pakistan is not a member of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), it is prohibited from any assistance from the Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG). Thus, it needs to focus on enhancing its civilian nuclear capabilities by cooperating with China and through its indigenous efforts.

Nuclear technology is considered a sustainable, cost-effective, and renewable energy source. It can thus, help Islamabad fulfill its energy requirements and mitigate the threats of climate change, which the country has suffered from for several decades.

Climate Change and the Way Forward: Supporting Vulnerable Countries

By
Amna Nazakat
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Climate change is a global crisis that affects every corner of the planet, but its impacts are not distributed equally. Vulnerable countries, particularly those in the developing world, bear the brunt of its devastating consequences. Rising sea levels, extreme weather events, loss of biodiversity, and disrupted ecosystems pose severe threats to these nations and their populations. In this article, we will delve into the challenges faced by vulnerable countries and explore the way forward to support them in mitigating and adapting to climate change.

Understanding Vulnerability

Vulnerability to climate change is influenced by a combination of factors, including geography, socio-economic conditions, governance, and infrastructure. Developing countries often lack the resources and capacity to cope with the impacts of climate change, making them more vulnerable. Small island nations, coastal regions, and communities dependent on agriculture are particularly at risk. It is crucial to recognize these vulnerabilities and take collective action to assist these countries.

Mitigation Efforts

Mitigating climate change involves reducing greenhouse gas emissions to limit global temperature rise. While developed countries have historically been the largest emitters, it is vital for all nations, regardless of their level of development, to contribute to emission reductions. Developed nations should assist vulnerable countries in accessing clean and sustainable technologies. Technology transfer initiatives can provide renewable energy solutions, energy-efficient infrastructure, and sustainable agricultural practices to help reduce emissions.

Investing in renewable energy infrastructure can reduce dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate emissions. Financial support, capacity building, and policy frameworks should be provided to enable vulnerable countries to transition to clean energy sources. Developed countries should create opportunities for vulnerable nations to participate in carbon markets. This allows them to generate revenue by selling carbon credits, incentivizing emission reduction projects and fostering sustainable development.

Adaptation Strategies

Adaptation is essential to minimize the impacts of climate change and build resilience in vulnerable countries. Adaptation measures should address the specific challenges faced by these nations. Investing in climate-resilient infrastructure can help vulnerable countries withstand extreme weather events and rising sea levels. This includes constructing flood defenses, designing buildings to withstand storms, and implementing water management systems to cope with changing rainfall patterns.

Climate change affects agricultural productivity and food security. Supporting vulnerable countries in adopting climate-smart agricultural practices, such as improved irrigation methods, crop diversification, and conservation agriculture, can enhance resilience and ensure food availability.

Similarly, protecting and restoring ecosystems, such as forests, wetlands, and coral reefs, is crucial for climate adaptation. These ecosystems provide natural buffers against climate impacts, regulate water flow, and support biodiversity. Financial and technical support should be provided to facilitate conservation efforts in vulnerable countries.

Supporting vulnerable countries in addressing climate change requires significant financial resources and technology transfer. Developed countries should fulfill their commitments to provide climate finance, as pledged in the Paris Agreement. This includes increasing funding for adaptation projects and meeting the target of mobilizing $100 billion annually by 2020. Additionally, technology transfer initiatives, capacity building programs, and knowledge sharing platforms can help vulnerable countries access and utilize appropriate technologies and best practices.

International Cooperation and Policy Frameworks

Addressing climate change and supporting vulnerable countries necessitates strong international cooperation and the establishment of robust policy frameworks. Strengthening existing multilateral agreements, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement, is crucial. Parties should collaborate to enhance global ambition, facilitate financial support, and promote technology transfer. Climate justice principles should underpin international efforts. This involves recognizing historical responsibility for climate change and providing support to the most vulnerable countries and communities that are disproportionately affected. Climate action and sustainable development should go hand in hand. Supporting vulnerable countries in their efforts to achieve sustainable development goals will enhance their capacity to address climate change effectively.

Conclusion

Climate change poses a significant threat to vulnerable countries, exacerbating existing socio-economic challenges and increasing the risk of humanitarian crises. The way forward requires a comprehensive approach that includes mitigation efforts, adaptation strategies, financial and technological support, and international cooperation. By working collectively to support vulnerable countries, we can mitigate the impacts of climate change, build resilience, and create a more sustainable and equitable future for all.

Italian Households in Economic Peril and The Impact of Inflation on Savings

By
Chiara Cacco
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Inflation, defined as the general increase in prices of goods and services over time, can silently erode the value of money. From a macroeconomic perspective, a certain level of inflation can be healthy for an economy, stimulating spending and investment. However, if inflation rates exceed the desirable rate, it can lead to a multitude of economic issues, notably the decreased purchasing power of the populace. The Federal Reserve, for instance, considers an annual increase in inflation of 2 percent as consistent with their mandate for maximum employment and price stability.

In recent years, Italy, Europe’s third-largest economy, has been grappling with the effects of inflation, which many have labeled as the “most odious” tax on people’s financial situation. The high inflation rates, coupled with increased borrowing costs, have caused concerns about Italy’s economic stability.

Inflation plays a significant role in the fiscal policy of any country. Falling real interest rates compared to economic growth allowed governments to spend more freely before the pandemic. However, the recent battle with inflation threatens to reverse this relationship, putting indebted governments at greater risk.

In the context of Italy, the country’s budget stability depends on various factors, including the combinations of debt, financing costs, growth rates, and inflation. Before the pandemic,

Italy benefited from falling real interest rates, enabling it to borrow and spend more freely. However, the current inflation threatens to overturn this dynamic.

If interest rates exceed economic growth, primary surpluses become necessary to stabilize the debt. When inflation is under control, it can provide a fiscal windfall by reducing real interest rates, but if inflation is brought down and high-interest rates persist, the situation could become more challenging. Under such circumstances, Italy would require primary surpluses of 2% or more to maintain stability, a level it has rarely achieved since the global financial crisis.

The Italian scenario illustrates how inflation can act as a “silent” or “odious” tax. When inflation rates are high, the value of money decreases, and the cost of goods and services increases. This scenario reduces the purchasing power of consumers, especially those on fixed incomes who cannot adjust to the rising costs.

Moreover, savers get hit by inflation as the real value of their savings diminishes. For instance, if a person has saved €100,000, and the inflation rate is 3%, the real value of those savings would decrease to €97,000 in a year. It’s not that the number of euros in the bank has decreased, but what those euros can buy has.

While inflation hits consumers and savers, it also affects businesses. Companies often have to adjust their pricing strategies to keep up with inflation, increasing prices for their products and services. This increase can lead to a drop in demand if consumers cannot afford the higher prices, potentially leading to a decline in sales and profits.

The current economic climate has also stirred the political waters in Italy. As the government grapples with the economic challenges posed by inflation, it must also consider its societal implications. Prime Minister Mario Draghi has emphasized the need to sustain citizens’ purchasing power to ensure social stability. The slowdown in the euro area due to inflation and rising energy prices has further added to the government’s challenges. Inflation also plays a role in shaping electoral prospects.

The current economic environment, marked by war, inflation, and supply chain disruptions, has cast a shadow over the country’s forthcoming elections. The government’s ability to manage these issues effectively will significantly influence public sentiment and political outcomes.

Amid these challenges, the Italian government and its policymakers are tasked with finding ways to navigate the inflationary landscape. Controlling inflation while stimulating growth remains a delicate balance. With Italy’s high debt and borrowing costs, mitigating the impact of inflation on its citizens’ financial situation is paramount.

One potential strategy is to encourage investment in assets that are likely to increase in value with inflation, such as real estate or stocks. Another is to develop policies that protect the most vulnerable citizens from the effects of inflation, such as subsidies or indexed wages.

Ultimately, while inflation serves as a mechanism to stimulate spending and economic growth when left unchecked, it can act as a stealthy tax on people’s financial situation. Italy’s experiences shed light on the challenge of balancing growth, debt, and inflation, underscoring the need for strategic economic planning and sound fiscal policies. As Italy grapples with these economic realities, the lessons learned could serve as invaluable insights for other economies battling similar issues.

 

 

 

China’s New Law on Foreign Affairs

By
Ambassador Naghmana Hashmi
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China unveiled the first comprehensive Foreign Relations Law since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949.  This law came into effect in July 2023 and lays out the guiding principles, fundamental positions, red lines, and institutional framework for China’s foreign policy orientation.

The law also establishes general regulations for developing China’s foreign relations to achieve its national objectives. These objectives include domestic political stability; sustainable economic and social development; sovereign security, territorial integrity, and national unification.

Any organization or individual who commits acts that are detrimental to China’s national interests in violation of this Law and other applicable laws in the course of engaging in international exchanges shall be held accountable by this law.

For China, the promulgation and implementation of the Foreign Relations Law is a demonstration of its strategic transparency and the openness of its diplomacy. The new law is specifically aimed at countering foreign “interference, sanctions and sabotage”. It also demonstrates China’s resolve that it would not tolerate any actions from the outside world that may threaten China’s national interest and sovereignty. China believes that speeding up the building of the legal system concerning foreign affairs will help it to effectively deal with risks and challenges and presents China as a responsible rising nation that champions peace, development, cooperation, and mutual benefit via a law-based approach.

The Law stipulates that China’s foreign relations will be conducted under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thoughts on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, along with other ideological doctrines. The law categorically states that China will pursue an independent and peaceful foreign policy and oppose “hegemonism and power politics” as well as the use of force or threat of use of force in international relations. The law also reiterates China’s support for multilateralism in all areas of foreign relations including trade. Although it was rushed through the legislative process following the exchange of sanctions between the EU, the UK, Canada, the US, and China in March of this year, the work on the new Law on Foreign Affairs had started much earlier.

Developing a legal framework to counter foreign sanctions and the extraterritorial effects of other countries’ domestic legislation has been one of China’s legislative priorities over the last few months.

The Foreign Affairs Law came into effect alongside the new anti-espionage law which was announced earlier in 2023. Both these laws codify what is already in practice, and are a continuation of political reforms that started after the 20th Communist Party of China (CPC) Congress in 2022. China’s top diplomat Wang Yi said the new law met an “urgent need” to safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

The Foreign Affairs Law will enable China to take measures to counter and restrict actions that endanger the national interest while empowering its Cabinet, the State Council, to come up with regulations and systems to enforce countermeasures. Traditionally, China is a country that values harmony and is reluctant to resort to countermeasures. The tools and measures have always existed to counter moves by foes to harm Chinese interests, but what the new law has changed is the express political will of the Chinese leadership to enforce them and reciprocate in measure to the moves made by the West that are deemed injurious to state interests. The law will also serve to guide diplomats, providing consistency in their actions and responses and ensuring that diplomatic practices have legal standing.

In recent years China has pursued a more assertive foreign policy including pushing its own diplomatic and security architecture to rival the United States-led system of alliances, multilateral treaties, and institutions. This includes the Global Security Initiative, the Global Development Initiative, and most recently, the Global Civilization Initiative. Beijing has also taken part in massive infrastructure investment projects through the Belt and Road Initiative, along with setting up the Asian Development Bank and throwing its weight behind the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.

China believes that the stronger China becomes, the greater its contribution to world peace and stability will be as it shuns the hegemony of big powers and supports peaceful settlement of disputes, strongly favors multilateralism, and opposes the threat of use of force in international relations. The new law is also in line with the concept of positivity in foreign relations including China’s development outlook, security concept, concept of civilization, as well as the systematic idea of building a community with a shared future for mankind. The law explicitly conveys China’s determination to pursue a path of peaceful development. It is an effort to calm the fears in some countries that a resurgent China would be a threat to other countries in the region and beyond.

According to Chinese leadership, the new law provides valuable stability to the current global governance system, which is affected by the counter-globalization trend and regional conflicts. The law explicitly states that the country has the obligation to fulfill treaties and agreements in good faith and clarifies that the country will take steps to implement sanction resolutions and relevant measures with binding force adopted by the United Nations Security Council in accordance with Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations. That is to firmly uphold the UN-centered international system and the international order based on international law, thus steadfastly defending international fairness and justice.

The law, however, comes at a crucial time when US-China bilateral relations have plummeted to a new low. Despite Secretary of State Antony Blinken’s recent visit to Beijing, US President Joe Biden did not hesitate in calling Xi a ‘dictator’ muddying the atmosphere between the two nations. The growing trade war, consistent efforts by the West, led by the US to paint China as a threat to global peace and security, and the declared intention of the USA to contain the rise of China, has perhaps necessitated the strong response that has come in the form of new laws including the Law on Foreign Affairs.

As expected the Western powers immediately showed a negative reaction in an attempt to discredit China’s intention.

China’s contention is that the USA has always used legal action under its own domestic laws to repeatedly trample on international law and norms through the use of “long-arm jurisdiction”.

Imposing unilateral sanctions on other countries, like Iran, Afghanistan, and Russia among a long list of other countries has led to great suffering n those countries due to these unilateral measures. It was, therefore, time for China to protect itself by formulating and imposing domestic legislation that would give legal cover to the conduct of foreign policy by China and safeguard its vital national interests.

For the first term of President Xi, Foreign policy was not at the forefront and the top priority of China remained internal political stability and socio-economic development. Now that economic growth and social stability have been assured, the focus has turned to Foreign Affairs to prepare the stage for China’s rejuvenation by the middle of this century. This requires the leadership’s complete focus on some of the potentially explosive nature of three of China’s most pressing foreign policy challenges: decreasing tensions with Japan over the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands, Southeast Asian states over territorial claims in the South China Sea, and last but not the least the peaceful reunification of Taiwan to achieve its second centennial goal by 2050. The new Law on Foreign Affairs is one of the tools employed by China to ensure its dream of rejuvenation of the motherland is achieved through peaceful means of removing obstacles one by one.

Shifting Roles, Unchanged Stakes: Who Will Reap the Rewards?

By
Naveed Hussain Mangi
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In the realm of international relations, alliances, and partnerships often shift as countries adapt to changing geopolitical dynamics. One such case is the changing dynamics between Pakistan and India, and their respective relationships with the United States and Russia. Historically, Pakistan aligned itself with the United States while India maintained a more neutral stance but had closer ties with the Soviet Union, which later became Russia. However, recent developments suggest a reversal of roles, raising the question of who stands to benefit from these changing alignments.

The recent visit of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to the United States signifies a significant turning point in India-US relations. The two nations have witnessed a remarkable improvement in their bilateral ties over the past decade. According to the U.S.-India Strategic Partnership Forum, the total bilateral trade between the two countries reached $149 billion in 2021, a significant increase from $20 billion in 2001.

The United States has become one of India’s top trading partners and a key source of foreign direct investment.

The strengthening of India-US ties can be attributed to their shared concern over China’s rising influence. As of 2021, China is India’s largest trading partner, with bilateral trade reaching $88 billion. However, China’s aggressive actions along the disputed border between India and China, coupled with its growing assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific region, have raised concerns in both India and the United States. The two countries have deepened their defense cooperation, with India purchasing advanced military equipment from the United States, including Apache helicopters and P-8 Poseidon maritime surveillance aircraft.

Sarang Shidore, a senior research fellow at the Quincy Institute, a US-based think tank, emphasizes that the United States prioritizes its interests over democracy and human rights in its foreign policy. As long as the shared concern about China persists, the US-India relationship is expected to continue growing. The United States sees India as a vital ally in efforts to contain China’s rise and maintain a free and open Indo-Pacific region. India, with its growing economy and strategic location, benefits from this alignment with the world’s largest economy and military power.

On the other hand, Pakistan has recently placed its first order for discounted Russian crude oil, marking an important development in Russia-Pakistan relations. The deal, struck between Islamabad and Moscow, includes one cargo to dock at the port of Karachi in May. This move highlights Pakistan’s efforts to diversify its energy sources and reduce its dependence on traditional suppliers. According to Pakistan’s petroleum minister, the country aims to increase its oil imports from Russia in the coming years.

While Pakistan has often attempted to repair its relations with Moscow when its ties with Washington were troubled, the relationship between the two countries has remained largely derivative of Pakistan’s relationship with the US.

The recent order for Russian crude oil indicates a potential shift in Pakistan’s energy cooperation. Pakistan’s energy demand is growing rapidly, and diversifying its energy sources is crucial for its economic development.

Russia, as one of the world’s largest oil producers, can provide Pakistan with a reliable and cost-effective energy supply. Despite these developments, it is crucial to critically assess the narrative that a shift toward Russia could be more beneficial for Pakistan. Some argue that Pakistan’s alignment with the US during its formative years was a mistake, and closer ties with Moscow could have led to better outcomes. However, this viewpoint overlooks Pakistan’s historic grand strategy, which aimed to secure great power assistance to compensate for the regional imbalance caused by a larger India.

Examining the contemporary Russia-Pakistan relations in the context of the Ukraine crisis reveals that while some cooperation is taking place, it remains modest at best. In 2020, Pakistan and Russia conducted their first joint military exercise, named “Druzhba-2020″ (Friendship-2020). Both countries expressed their commitment to enhancing defense and security cooperation. However, significant challenges persist. Geo-economics constraints, geographical distance, and historic obstacles hinder the development of a substantial Pakistan-Russia partnership.

Geographically, Pakistan and Russia are separated by thousands of miles, with much of it poorly connected by roads or rail. Establishing robust economic and energy ties requires substantial investments in infrastructure and transportation networks. Moreover, Russia’s historic relations with India and its aversion to risking the benefits of that relationship pose challenges to Pakistan’s aspirations of a transformative partnership.

While Islamabad and Moscow may grow closer in certain areas, such as energy cooperation and defense exercises, it is unlikely to result in a comprehensive strategic realignment. Pakistan’s ties with the United States, based on security cooperation, economic partnerships, and people-to-people exchanges, have deep roots. The United States remains a significant source of foreign aid and investment for Pakistan.

In conclusion, the changing roles of Pakistan, India, the United States, and Russia in the global arena present an intriguing dynamic. India stands to benefit from its closer ties with the US, as both countries align to counterbalance China’s influence. Pakistan’s recent engagement with Russia in the energy sector suggests a potential shift, but significant constraints and historical obstacles impede the development of a deep strategic partnership. While both countries may reassess their alliances, it is India, through its strengthening relationship with the US, that appears to be the primary beneficiary of this evolving geopolitical landscape.

As geopolitical dynamics continue to evolve, it is essential for Pakistan and India to carefully navigate their relationships with the United States and Russia, considering their respective national interests and regional security concerns. Strategic choices should be made based on a comprehensive assessment of the potential benefits and challenges that come with different alliances, keeping in mind the ever-changing dynamics of the global stage.

Carbon Allotropes: Unleashing the Power in the Battlefield of Cyber Warfare

By
Rimsha Malik
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There is a new battlefield in the ever-changing environment of conflict, one where no physical weapons are needed and the adversary is concealed in the depths of the internet. Another potent technology, carbon allotropes, has surfaced as countries bolster their cybersecurity defenses to stave off cyber assaults.

Graphene and carbon nanotubes are two of these rare forms of carbon that have extraordinary features and the potential to revolutionize the realm of cyber warfare.

Rearranging carbon atoms creates unusual formations called carbon allotropes, which have unique chemical and physical properties. Graphene stands out among them as an incredibly strong, long-lasting substance with high electrical conductivity, while carbon nanotubes have exceptional strength and distinctive electrical properties. These characteristics make carbon allotropes excellent candidates for a variety of uses, including cyber security.

Leading colleges and institutions’ research has proven the extraordinary qualities of carbon nanotubes and graphene. According to studies, the high electrical conductivity of graphene enables more rapid data transmission and improves the functionality of electronic parts. A sought-after substance for strengthening physical barriers in cybersecurity systems, carbon nanotubes have also been shown to be very strong, with tensile strengths that surpass those of conventional materials. Carbon allotrope integration into cybersecurity infrastructure has enormous potential for enhancing defenses against online threats. To enable quick response times and reduce vulnerabilities, graphene, for example, might be used to construct extremely fast and secure data transmission systems. Its outstanding electrical conductivity guarantees that vital information flows without interruption, and its resilience prevents physical harm or tampering.

Carbon nanotubes present potential approaches to safeguarding private information and repelling online threats. and have greater potential than just defensive uses

They are a great choice for strengthening physical barriers, such as server casings and encryption devices, because of their exceptional strength. This will prevent physical penetration. Furthermore, the distinct electrical characteristics of carbon nanotubes could be used to develop sophisticated intrusion detection systems that can pinpoint and eliminate cyber threats with unmatched accuracy. An innovative piece of encryption technology was created using carbon nanotubes in a recent study by a cybersecurity research team, greatly boosting the security of critical data. Critical systems can be protected against potential physical attacks thanks to the material’s great mechanical strength, which has been shown to offer additional security against physical intrusions.

These exceptional resources could be extremely important in offensive cyber operations. For example, by utilizing graphene’s electrical conductivity, it becomes possible to create extremely effective and safe virus delivery systems, enabling targeted attacks with little traceability. Researchers used graphene-based transistors to build extremely effective malware delivery mechanisms in a joint military-cyber research project, raising concerns about potential capabilities for cyber warfare.

Carbon nanotubes’ durability and adaptability also provide new opportunities for the use of sophisticated cyber weapons. Consider tiny tools made of carbon nanotubes that may access adversary networks, gather private data, or even damage vital systems. The infrastructure of the enemy might be destroyed by these covert weapons, which would go undetected by conventional security procedures. According to recent reports, several nation-states have investigated the potential application of carbon nanotubes in the creation of clandestine cyber weapons. These gadgets might be used to sneak into adversary systems and compromise vital infrastructure while remaining undetected because they were disguised as harmless electronic components. The use of carbon allotropes in the field of cyberwarfare involves ethical issues and difficulties, as with any technological development. The use of such potent weapons necessitates a rigorous assessment of international law, the rules of engagement, and the possibility of collateral harm. Furthermore, to prevent abuse or the escalation of conflicts, strong monitoring and accountability are required given the covert nature of cyber operations and the ground-breaking capabilities provided by carbon allotropes.

The necessity for international agreements and rules to control the use of cutting-edge materials like graphene and carbon nanotubes in the context of cyber warfare is highlighted by discussions among policymakers, researchers, and specialists in the field of cybersecurity. To ensure the responsible use of these materials in military operations, these debates emphasize the significance of establishing a balance between scientific progress and ethical considerations.

The paradigm of warfare is changing, and new opportunities for cyberwarfare are emerging with the advent of carbon allotropes. Due to their unmatched capabilities and distinctive electrical characteristics, graphene and carbon nanotubes are advantageous tools in both defensive and offensive cyber operations.

However, it is important to integrate these materials carefully, striking a balance between ethical considerations and technological progress. The possibilities unleashed by carbon allotropes may influence the future of warfare and permanently alter the dynamics of conflicts fought in the world of bytes and bits as governments traverse the complicated environment of cybersecurity.

Nuclear Energy and Environmental Sustainability in Pakistan

By
Syeda Saba Batool
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Nuclear energy can be used for climate change mitigation, amongst other peaceful uses. In 2022, the share of nuclear energy in Pakistan’s energy production reached its highest level. This indicates Pakistan’s efforts to increase environment-friendly electricity production. However, Pakistan is one of the most affected states by climate change. This situation necessitates a sense of responsibility on the part of developed countries to assist Pakistan in combating climate change challenges by using nuclear technology.

Climate change is the fluctuation in weather caused by a change in the earth’s temperature or frequency of rainfall. Scientists point out natural and unnatural causes for these fluctuations. Climate change is a massive challenge to the future of sustainability and human security – the UN declared it a “systemic threat to humankind”. Despite contributing only 1% of total Green House Gas (GHG) emissions, Pakistan is one of the most vulnerable countries to this threat. Nuclear energy is a sustainable and low-carbon energy source.

The term “nuclear energy” has been stigmatized due to the fear of the proliferation of nuclear weapons. In this revived age of advanced nuclear technology for peaceful civilian uses and battling against climate change, we are brought back to the future, but with a new approach.

The emerging technologies have brought us to an era of climate-resilient structural development, peace, and prosperity. The “Atoms for Peace” speech by Eisenhower in 1953 brought to light the importance of civilian applications of nuclear energy for development, cooperation, and the welfare of humanity. Moore’s “Creating Public Value: Strategic Management and Governance” devises an administrative plan where citizen welfare is the referent object of governance. It suggests a plan of governance that resonates with the holistic approach of Barry Buzan’s Securitization Theory, which provides for five sectors of security, i.e., political, economic, societal, military, and environmental security.

The well-being of the populace and economic prosperity of third-world countries are likely to be threatened by the impacts of CO2 emissions on fertile croplands because most emerging nations rely largely on agriculture. The unfertile soils that encompass a major portion of these regions have rendered a large portion of the land in these regions unfit for cultivation. Tropical regions in developing countries are particularly sensitive to harm from environmental change.

Climate Change and Atoms for Peace: Pakistan’s Contribution

The advent of the nuclear age brought with it immense optimism for atom-powered sustainable development. Pakistan has a long history with the international movement for peaceful uses of nuclear energy and its contribution to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for human security and prosperity. Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) have always cooperated and proven Pakistan’s commitment to attaining this goal. Pakistan ranks this goal among its top priorities. Also, the efforts of PAEC for civilian uses of nuclear energy and Pakistan’s Scientific Community, including the inspirational Nobel Laureate Dr Abdus Salam, cannot be ignored. Against this background, Pakistan is fighting hard to mitigate the detrimental effects of climate change and demands international cooperation to successfully combat this challenge.

The SDGs chart an ambitious course, but they also require developing countries to incorporate emerging technologies and science in their policies in order to achieve sustainability. Peaceful uses of nuclear energy provide a sustainable solution to combat climate change and attain the SDGs.

The developed countries, being a major contributor to the adverse effects of climate change, have a responsibility to provide solutions and scientific nuclear technology to states like Pakistan, which have suffered a lot. The IAEA has made significant efforts in promoting the notion of “Atoms for Peace and Development”. It is time for international cooperation to remove this stigma and join hands to combat this shared threat.

Atoms for Attainment of SDGs: Why Now?

Sustainable development of a state requires clean, affordable, and modern energy (SDG-7) as a pre-requisite. Nuclear power is a clean and reasonable source for electricity generation, and the output is independent of weather conditions. Nuclear energy is a storable and economical fuel that could be efficiently used to attain environmental security. Moreover, it does not contribute to GHG emissions. France generates 75% of its electricity through nuclear energy. Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany are also utilizing nuclear power in a big way. If followed, they are models for countries like Pakistan to reduce GHG emissions while utilizing this inexpensive resource for electricity production.

Pakistan’s intended nationally determined contribution (INDC) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the use of nuclear technology for power generation have been recognized as inevitable in Pak-INDC as envisioned in the National Climate Change Policy 2012. Pakistan’s partnership with Canada on the former’s first nuclear power plant construction, KANUPP, was based on the realization that Pakistan’s energy needs cannot be met with a limited supply. According to Buzan’s securitization theory, the second power plant construction of CHASNUPP-1 with a signed partnership with China National Nuclear Cooperation (CNNC) and later three similar plants inspired by CHASNUPP-1 demonstrate Pakistan’s commitment to meet energy needs to ensure economic, environmental, military, societal, and political security needs of the country and the region.

Safety is a top priority in Pakistan, and this is reflected in the country’s nuclear facilities. All facilities have a remarkable record of implementing IAEA safeguards, and these safety measures are further strengthened by PAEC. At the domestic level, there is an independent regulatory agency known as the PNRA, which also inspects and supports the maintenance of power plants. Moreover, Pakistan invites review missions from the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO) as well as allows IAEA inspectors to regularly visit for operational safety purposes.

PAEC has been using nuclear-based technologies in coastal areas precisely to inspect marine pollution (SDG-14) and assess food chain components using radioactive baselines to maintain a sustainable marine ecosystem.

Furthermore, being an inclusive state open to partnerships, Pakistan has cooperated and been a part of several nuclear energy and environmental security-related partnerships, including the IAEA, Regional Cooperative Agreement (RCA), WANO, European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), International Foundation for Science (IFS), Sweden, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), and many more.

A Way Forward Towards Environmental Sustainability

By 2050, Pakistan wants to have no carbon emissions from its energy industry. This objective will be greatly aided by Pakistan’s plan to meet one-fourth of its energy demands through nuclear energy by 2050. This objective is being hampered, though, by a lack of funding and many countries’ reluctance to cooperate on civil nuclear issues. A positive step towards attaining climate security is the global and local development of nuclear energy. Pakistan must contribute to the production of nuclear energy for civilian purposes to attain environmental sustainability.

To pursue this goal, Pakistan needs global cooperation and a stable South Asia to ensure regional peace and national security, which are prerequisites to focusing on attaining environmental security through the most sustainable energy source of nuclear technology. The US, being a champion of globalization, must cooperate with Pakistan in this time of need to strengthen the relationship between the two states and to solidify its commitment towards the Agenda 2030, which demands global partnership (SDG17) to combat climate change (SDG13). In this regard, there should be a responsible consumption and production mechanism (SDG-12) to reduce GHG emissions in order to achieve environmental sustainability.

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